The Scarring Effects of Depression Symptoms on Sadness Rumination and Peer Victimization in Greek Early Adolescents: Evidence for an Integrated Symptoms-Driven Model

Abstract

The main aim of this study was to examine one potential mediator of the prospective association between depressive symptoms and peer victimization: sadness rumination. Data were collected from 302 early adolescents (M_age = 10.53, SD =.16; 55.3% girls), at two waves, 1-year spaced, using self-reports. Depressive symptoms preceded increases in peer victimization and sadness rumination. Sadness rumination preceded increases in peer victimization. Sadness rumination mediated the relationship between depressive symptoms and increases in peer victimization. Multi-group analysis indicated that the mediation model tested was significant for boys, but not for girls. Overall, depression-related peer victimization could be minimized with intervention programs targeting early adolescents’ sadness rumination tendencies. Future research should further explain why depressed boys may face greater risk than girls in displaying increases in sadness rumination over time, which in turn, may lead to more frequent experiences of peer victimization.

Keywords

depressive symptoms peer victimization sadness rumination integrated symptoms-driven model children’s response styles scale psychometrics

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abela

J. R. Z.

Hankin

B. L.

(2011). Rumination as a vulnerability factor to depression during the transition from early to middle adolescence: a multiwave longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(2), 259–271. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0022796

Ajilchi

Nejati

(2017). Research paper: Executive functions in students with depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms. Basic and Clinical Neuroscience Journal, 8(3), 223–232. https://doi.org/10.18869/nirp.bcn.8.3.223

Arnett

J. J.

(Ed.). (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Emerging Adulthood. Oxford University Press.

Avenevoli

Steinberg

(2001). The continuity of depression across the adolescent transition. In Reese

H. W.

Kail

(Eds.), Advances in Child Development and Behavior. Academic Press (pp. 139–173).

Beaton

D. E.

Bombardier

Guillemin

Ferraz

M. B.

(2000). Guidelines for the process of cross-cultural adaptation of self-report measures. Spine, 25(24), 3186–3191. https://doi.org/10.1097/00007632-200012150-00014

Beirão

Monte

Amaral

Longras

Matos

Villas-Boas

(2020). Depression in adolescence: A review. Middle East Current Psychiatry, 27(50), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43045-020-00050-z.

Bennett

D. S.

Ambrosini

P. J.

Kudes

Metz

Rabinovich

(2005). Gender differences in adolescent depression: Do symptoms differ for boys and girls? Journal of Affective Disorders, 89(1–3), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2005.05.020

Bessette

K. L.

Jacobs

R. H.

Heleniak

Peters

A. T.

Welsh

Watkins

Langenecker

(2020). Malleability of rumination: An exploratory model of CBT-based plasticity and long-term reduced risk for depressive relapse among youth from a pilot randomized clinical trial. Plos One, 15(6), e0233539. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233539

Bilgin

Bondü

Elsner

(2021). Longitudinal associations between justice sensitivity, nonsuicidal self-injury, substance use, and victimization by peers. Development and Psychopathology, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579421000250.

10.

Biswas

Scott

J. G.

Munir

Thomas

H. J.

Huda

M. M.

Hasan

M. M.

David de Vries

Baxter

Mamun

A. A.

(2020). Global variation in the prevalence of bullying victimisation amongst adolescents: Role of peer and parental supports. EClinicalMedicine, 20(1), 100276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100276

11.

Blum

R. W.

Astone

N. M.

Decker

M. R.

Mouli

V. C.

(2014). A conceptual framework for early adolescence: A platform for research. International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health, 26(3), 321–331. https://doi.org/10.1515/ijamh-2013-0327

12.

Bondü

Sahyazici-Knaak

Esser

(2017). Long-term associations of justice sensitivity, rejection sensitivity, and depressive symptoms in children and adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 8(1446). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01446.

13.

Borsa

J. C.

Damásio

B. F.

Bandeira

D. R.

(2012). Adaptação e validação de instrumentos psicológicos entre culturas: algumas considerações. Paidéia (Ribeirão Preto), 22(53), 423–432. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258883365

14.

Briggs

(2009). Risks and opportunities in adolescence: Understanding adolescent mental health difficulties. Journal of Social Work Practice, 23(1), 49–64. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650530902723316.

15.

Broderick

P. C.

Korteland

(2002). Coping style and depression in early adolescence: Relationships to gender, gender role, and implicit beliefs. Sex Roles: A Journal of Research, 46(7–8), 201–213. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1019946714220

16.

Broderick

P. C.

Korteland

(2004). A prospective study of rumination and depression in early adolescence. Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 9(3), 1359–1045. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359104504043920

17.

Brown

T. A.

(2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guildford Press.

18.

Burwell

R. A.

Shirk

S. R.

(2007). Subtypes of rumination in adolescence: Associations between brooding, reflection, depressive symptoms, and coping. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36(1), 56–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410709336568

19.

Calvete

Orue

Hankin

B. L.

(2013). Transactional relationships among cognitive vulnerabilities, stressors, and depressive symptoms in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(3), 399–410. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-012-9691-y

20.

Calvete

Orue

Hankin

B. L.

(2015). Cross-lagged associations Among ruminative response style, stressors, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Journal of Social & Clinical Psychology, 34(3), 203–220. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2015.34.3.203.

21.

Chen

F. F.

(2007). Sensitivity of goodness of fit indexes to lack of measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 14(3), 464–504. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705510701301834

22.

Chu

X.-W.

Fan

C.-Y.

Liu

Q.-Q.

Zhou

Z.-K.

(2019). Rumination mediates and moderates the relationship between bullying victimization and depressive symptoms in Chinese early adolescents. Child Indicators Research, 12(5), 1549–1566. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12187-018-9596-6

23.

Cillessen

A. H. N.

Lansu

T. A. M.

(2015). Stability, correlates, and time-covarying associations of peer victimization from grade 4 to 12. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(3), 456–470. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.958841

24.

Clayton

M. G.

Giletta

Boettiger

C. A.

Prinstein

M. J.

(2021). Determinants of excessive reassurance-seeking: Adolescents’ internalized distress, friendship conflict, and inhibitory control as prospective predictors. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 50(1), 88–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1604234

25.

Cohen

(1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203771587

26.

Cole

D. A.

Maxwell

S. E.

(2003). Testing mediational models with longitudinal data: Questions and tips in the use of structural equation modeling. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 558–577. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.112.4.558

27.

Cole

D. A.

Zelkowitz

R. L.

Nick

Martin

N. C.

Roeder

K. M.

Sinclair-McBride

Spinelli

(2016). Longitudinal and incremental relation of cybervictimization to negative self-cognitions and depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 44(1), 1321–1332. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-015-0123-7

28.

Coyne

J. C.

(1976). Depression and the response of others. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85(2), 186–193. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.85.2.186

29.

Crawford

A. M.

Manassis

(2011). Anxiety, social skills, friendship quality, and peer victimization: An integrated model. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(7), 924–931. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2011.05.005

30.

Crescentini

Capurso

Furlan

Fabbro

(2016). Mindfulness-oriented meditation for primary school children: Effects on attention and psychological well-being. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1), 805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00805

31.

Davis

J. P.

Merrin

G. J.

Ingram

K. M.

Espelage

D. L.

Valido

El Sheikh

A. J.

(2019). Examining pathways between bully victimization, depression, & school belonging among early adolescents. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 28, 2365–2378. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01340-9.

32.

Diamond

(2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64(1), 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750

33.

Dickson

K. S.

Ciesla

J. A.

Zelic

(2017). The role of executive functioning in adolescent rumination and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41, 62–72. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9802-0.

34.

Donati

Meaburn

Dumontheil

(2021). Internalising and externalizing in early adolescence predict later executive function, not the other way around: a cross-lagged panel analysis. Cognition & Emotion, 35(5), 986–998. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2021.1918644

35.

Dorio

N. B.

Secord Fredrick

Demaray

M. K.

(2018). School engagement and the role of peer victimization, depressive symptoms, and rumination. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(7), 962–992. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618797007

36.

Dunn

T. J.

Baguley

Brunsden

(2014). From alpha to omega: A practical solution to the pervasive problem of internal consistency estimation. British Journal of Psychology, 105(3), 399–412. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjop.12046.

37.

Eckland

N. S.

Berenbaum

(2020). Emotional awareness in daily life: Exploring its potential role in repetitive thinking and healthy coping. Behavior Therapy, 52(2), 338–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2020.04.010.

38.

Edalati

Afzali

M. H.

Conrod

P. J.

(2018). Poor response inhibition and peer victimization: A neurocognitive ecophenotype of risk for adolescent interpersonal aggression. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 127(8), 830–839. https://doi.org/10.1037/abn0000380

39.

Erdur-Baker

Ö.

(2009). Peer victimization, rumination, and problem solving as risk contributors to adolescents’ depressive symptoms. The Journal of Psychology, 143(1), 78–90. https://doi.org/10.3200/JRLP.143.1.78-90

40.

Essau

C. A.

Torre‐Luque

Lewinsohn

P. M.

Rohde

(2020). Patterns, predictors, and outcome of the trajectories of depressive symptoms from adolescence to adulthood. Depression and Anxiety, 37(6), 565–575. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.23034

41.

Feinstein

B. A.

Bhatia

Davila

(2014). Rumination mediates the association between cyber-victimization and depressive symptoms. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 29(9), 1732–1746. https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260513511534

42.

Fraley

R. C.

Roberts

B. W.

(2005). Patterns of continuity: A dynamic model for conceptualizing the stability of individual differences in psychological constructs across the life course. Psychological Review, 112(1), 60–74. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-295X.112.1.60

43.

Friedman

N. P.

Robbins

T. W.

(2021). The role of prefrontal cortex in cognitive control and executive function. Neuropsychopharmacology, 47, 72–89. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41386-021-01132-0.

44.

Gaffney

Ttofi

M. M.

Farrington

D. P.

(2019). Evaluating the effectiveness of school-bullying prevention programs: An updated meta-analytical review. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 45(1), 111–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avb.2018.07.001

45.

Ghandour

R. M.

Sherman

L. J.

Vladutiu

C. J.

Ali

M. M.

Lynch

S. E.

Bitsko

R. H.

Blumberg

S. J.

(2018). Prevalence and treatment of depression, anxiety, and conduct problems in US children. The Journal of Pediatrics, 206(2), 256–267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.09.021

46.

Giannakopoulos

Kazantzi

Dimitrakaki

Tsiantis

Kolaitis

Tountas

(2009). Screening for children’s depression symptoms in Greece: the use of the children’s depression inventory in a nation-wide school-based sample. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 18(8), 485–492. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-009-0005-z

47.

Giovazolias

Karagiannopoulou

Mitsopoulou

(2017). Can the factor structure of defense style questionnaire (DSQ-40) contribute to our understanding of parental acceptance/rejection, bullying, victimization and perceived well-being in Greek early adolescents? Europe’s Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 269–285. https://doi.org/10.5964/ejop.v13i2.1090

48.

Giovazolias

Kourkoutas

Mitsopoulou

Georgiadi

(2010). The relationship between perceived school climate and the prevalence of bullying behavior in greek schools: implications for preventive inclusive strategies. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 5(3), 2208–2215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2010.07.437.

49.

Gomez-Baya

Mendoza

Paino

Sanchez

Romero

(2017). Latent growth curve analysis of gender differences in response styles and depressive symptoms during mid-adolescence. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 41(1), 289–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-016-9822-9

50.

Gürcan-Yildirim

Gençöz

(2020). The association of self-discrepancy with depression and anxiety: Moderator roles of emotion regulation and resilience. Current Psychology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-020-00701-8.

51.

Hagen

Havnen

Hjemdal

Ottesen Kennair

L. E.

Ryum

Solem

(2020). Protective and vulnerability factors in self-esteem: The role of metacognitions, brooding, and resilience. Frontiers in Psychology, 11(1447), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01447.

52.

Hamilton

J. L.

Stange

J. P.

Abramson

L. Y.

Alloy

L. B.

(2015). Stress and the development of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression explain sex differences in depressive symptoms during adolescence. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(5), 702–714. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614545479

53.

Hanish

L. D.

Eisenberg

Fabes

R. A.

Spinrad

T. L.

Ryan

Schmidt

(2004). The expression and regulation of negative emotions: Risk factors for young childrenis peer victimization. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 335–353. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579404044542

54.

Hankin

B. L.

(2008). Stability of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression: A short-term prospective multiwave study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(2), 324–333. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.117.2.324

55.

Hankin

B. L.

(2015). Depression from childhood through adolescence: Risk mechanisms across multiple systems and levels of analysis. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4(2), 13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.003

56.

Haraldstad

Kvarme

L. G.

Christophersen

K. A.

Helseth

(2019). Associations between self-efficacy, bullying and health-related quality of life in a school sample of adolescents: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health, 19(757), 757. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7115-4

57.

Harter

(2006). The self. In Eisenberg

Damon

Lerner

R. M.

(Eds.), Handbook of Child Psychology: Social, emotional, and personality development. John Wiley & Sons, Inc (pp. 505–570).

58.

Hellström

Beckman

(2019). Adolescents’ perception of gender differences in bullying. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 61(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12523

59.

Henk

C. M.

Castro-Schilo

(2016). Preliminary detection of relations among dynamic processes with two-occasion data. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 23(2), 180–193. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2015.1030022

60.

Hong

R. Y.

Cheung

M. W.-L.

(2014). The structure of cognitive vulnerabilities to depression and anxiety. Clinical Psychological Science, 3(6), 892–912. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702614553789

61.

Hymel

Swearer

S. M.

(2015). Four decades of research on school bullying: An introduction. American Psychologist, 70(4), 293–299. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0038928

62.

Johnson

D. P.

Whisman

M. A.

(2013). Gender differences in rumination: A meta-analysis. Personality and Individual Differences, 55(4), 367–374. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2013.03.019

63.

Joiner

T. E.

Alfano

M. S.

Metalsky

G. I.

(1992). When depression breeds contempt: reassurance seeking, self-esteem, and rejection of depressed college students by their roommates. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101(1), 165–173. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843x.101.1.165

64.

M. s.

Nelson

Kiecker

(1997). A model for controlling social desirability bias by direct and indirect questioning. Marketing Letters, 8(4), 429–437. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40216469

65.

Jose

P. E.

Brown

(2008). When Does the gender difference in rumination begin? Gender and age differences in the use of rumination by adolescents. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(2), 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9166-y

66.

Keser

Kahya

Akın

(2020). Stress generation hypothesis of depressive symptoms in interpersonal stressful life events: The roles of cognitive triad and coping styles via structural equation modeling. Current Psychology, 39(4), 174–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-017-9744-z

67.

Khesht-Masjedi

M. F.

Shokrgozar

Abdollahi

Golshahi

Sharif-Ghaziani

(2017). Comparing depressive symptoms in teenage boys and girls. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 6(4), 775–779. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_129_17

68.

Kleftaras

Alexopoulos

D. A.

(2015). Depressive symptomatology in Greek preadolescents: The role of parenting style perceptions. Marriage & Family Review, 51(6), 564–585. https://doi.org/10.1080/01494929.2015.1060286

69.

Kline

R. B.

(2011). Principles and practice of structural equation modelling. Guildford Press.

70.

Kline

R. B.

(2015). The mediation myth. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 37(4), 202–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2015.1049349

71.

Kline

R. B.

(2016). Methodology in the social sciences: Principles and practice of structural equation modeling (4th ed.). Guilford Press.

72.

Kochel

K. P.

Bagwell

C. L.

Ladd

G. W.

Rudolph

K. D.

(2017). Do positive peer relations mitigate transactions between depressive symptoms and peer victimization in adolescence? Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 51(3), 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.04.003

73.

Kochel

K. P.

Ladd

G. W.

Rudolph

K. D.

(2012). Longitudinal associations Among youth depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and low peer acceptance: An interpersonal process perspective. Child Development, 83(2), 637–650. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01722.x

74.

Kotchick

B. A.

Papadakis

A. A.

Nettles

Jobe

S. L.

(2020). Peer victimization and depressive symptoms in early adolescents: the protective role of perceived supportive parenting. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(2), 1350–1362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-019-01610-6

75.

Kovacs

(1992). The children’s depression inventory (CDI) manual north tanawanda. Multi-Health Systems.

76.

Krause

E. D.

Vélez

C. E.

Woo

Hoffmann

Freres

D. R.

Abenavoli

R. M.

Gillham

J. E.

(2018). Rumination, depression, and gender in early adolescence: A longitudinal study of a bidirectional model. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(7), 923–946. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431617704956

77.

Krumholz

L. S.

Ugueto

A. M.

Santucci

L. C.

Weisz

J. R.

(2014). Social skills training. In Sburlati

E. S.

Lyneham

H. J.

Schniering

C. A.

Rapee

R. M.

(Eds), Evidence-Based CBT for Anxiety and Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Competencies-Based Approach. John Wiley & Sons (pp. 260–274).

78.

Krygsman

Vaillancourt

(2017). Longitudinal associations between depression symptoms and peer experiences: Evidence of symptoms-driven pathways. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 51, 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.05.003.

79.

Låftman

S. B.

Östberg

Modin

(2017). School climate and exposure to bullying: A multilevel study. School Effectiveness & School Improvement, 28(1), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/09243453.2016.1253591

80.

Lakhan

Ekúndayò

O. T.

(2013). Application of the ecological framework in depression: An approach whose time has come. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine, 14(2), 103–109. https://imsear.searo.who.int/handle/123456789/183912

81.

Lane

Brundage

C. L.

Kreinin

(2017). Why we must invest in early adolescence: Early intervention, lasting impact. Journal of Adolescent Health, 61(4), S10–S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.07.011

82.

Ledgerwood

Shrout

P. E.

(2011). The trade-off between accuracy and precision in latent variable models of mediation processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(6), 1174–1188. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0024776

83.

Leibenluft

(2017). Irritability in children: what we know and what we need to learn. World Psychiatry, 16(1), 100–101. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20397

84.

Lenhard

(2016). Calculation of effect sizes. Psychometrica https://www.psychometrica.de/effect_size.html, https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17823.92329

85.

Lester

Dooley

Cross

Shaw

(2012). Internalising symptoms: An antecedent or precedent in adolescent peer victimisation. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 22(2), 173–189. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2012.25

86.

Lewinsohn

P. M.

Steinmetz

J. L.

Larson

D. W.

Franklin

(1981). Depression-related cognitions: Antecedent or consequence? Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 90(3), 213–219. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.90.3.213

87.

Leys

Delacre

Mora

Y. L.

Lakens

Ley

(2019). How to classify, detect, and manage univariate and multivariate outliers, with emphasis on pre-Registration. International Review of Social Psychology, 32(15), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.5334/irsp.289

88.

Little

T. D.

(2013). Longitudinal structural equation modeling. : Guildford Press (pp. 286–324).

89.

Little

T. D.

Preacher

K. J.

Selig

J. P.

Card

N. A.

(2007). New developments in latent variable panel analyses of longitudinal data. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 31(4), 357–365. https://doi.org/10.1177/0165025407077757

90.

Little

T. D.

Rhemtulla

Gibson

Schoemann

A. M.

(2013). Why the items versus parcels controversy needn't be one. Psychological Methods, 18(3), 285–300. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0033266

91.

Liu

Yuan

(2020). The longitudinal influence of cyberbullying victimization on depression and posttraumatic stress symptoms: The mediation role of rumination. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 34(2), 206–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apnu.2020.05.002

92.

Logan

D. E.

Claar

R. L.

Guite

J. W.

Kashikar-Zuck

Lynch-Jordan

Palermo

T. M.

Wilson

A. C.

Zhou

(2013). Factor structure of the children’s depression inventory in a multisite sample of children and adolescents with chronic pain. The Journal of Pain, 14(7), 689–698. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2013.01.777

93.

MacKinnon

D. P.

Coxe

Baraldi

A. N.

(2012). Guidelines for the investigation of mediating variables in business research. Journal of Business and Psychology, 27(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-011-9248-z

94.

MacKinnon

D. P.

Fairchild

A. J.

Fritz

M. S.

(2007). Mediation analysis. Annual Review of Psychology, 58(1), 593–614. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085542

95.

Malamut

S. T.

Salmivalli

(2021). Rumination as a mediator of the prospective association between victimization and bullying. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology, 49(3), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-020-00755-z

96.

Malcolm

K. T.

Jensen-Campbell

L. A.

Rex-Lear

Waldrip

A. M.

(2006). Divided we fall: children’s friendships and peer victimization. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 23(5), 721–740. https://doi.org/10.1177/0265407506068260

97.

Mardia

K. V.

(1970). Measures of multivariate skewness and kurtosis with applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519–530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519

98.

Martin

L. L.

Tesser

(1989). Toward a motivational and structural theory of ruminative thought. In Uleman

J. S.

Bargh

J. A.

(Eds.), Unintended thought. The Guildford Press (pp. 306–326).

99.

Masip

A. F.

Amador-Campos

J. A.

Gómez-Benito

Gándara

V. d. B.

(2010). Psychometric properties of the children’s depression inventory in community and clinical sample. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 13(2), 990–999. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1138741600002638

100.

Mathieson

L. C.

Klimes-Dougan

Crick

N. R.

(2014). Dwelling on it may make it worse: The links between relational victimization, relational aggression, rumination, and depressive symptoms in adolescents. Development and Psychopathology, 26(3), 735–747. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000352

101.

Matsunaga

(2008). Item parceling in structural equation modeling: a primer. Communication Methods and Measures, 2(4), 260–293. https://doi.org/10.1080/19312450802458935

102.

McCarty

C. A.

Stoep

A. V.

McCauley

(2007). Cognitive features associated with depressive symptoms in adolescence: Directionality and specificity. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 36(2), 147–158. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374410701274926

103.

McDonald

R. P.

(1999). Test theory: A unified treatment. Lawrence Erlabaum Associates Publishers.

104.

McLaughlin

K. A.

Nolen-Hoeksema

(2012). Interpersonal stress generation as a mechanism linking rumination to internalizing symptoms in early adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(5), 584–597. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.704840

105.

Miconi

Moscardino

Altoè

Salcuni

(2018). Parental supervision, executive functions, and emotional-behavioral problems in Chinese immigrant and Italian nonimmigrant early adolescents in Italy. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 39(8), 1177–1209. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431618812157

106.

Monti

J. D.

Rudolph

K. D.

Miernicki

M. E.

(2017). Rumination about social stress mediates the association between peer victimization and depressive symptoms during middle childhood. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 48, 25–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2016.11.003.

107.

Morabito

D. M.

Burani

Hajcak

(2021). Depressive symptoms prospectively predict peer victimization: A longitudinal study among adolescent females. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-020-01100-7

108.

Muthén

L. K.

Muthén

B. O.

(2017). Mplus: Statistical analysis with latent variables: User’s guide. : Authors.

109.

Navarro

Larrañaga

Yubero

(2011). Bullying-victimization problems and aggressive tendencies in Spanish secondary schools students: the role of gender stereotypical traits. Social Psychology of Education, 14(4), 457–473. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-011-9163-1.

110.

Newsom

J. T.

(2015). Longitudinal structural equation modeling: A comprehensive introduction. Routledge.

111.

Nolen-Hoeksema

(1991). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(4), 569–582. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.100.4.569

112.

Nolen-Hoeksema

(2012). Emotion regulation and psychopathology: The role of gender. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8(3), 161–187. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143109

113.

Nyongesa

M. K.

Ssewanyana

Mutua

A. M.

Chongwo

Scerif

Newton

C. R. J. C.

Abubakar

(2019). Assessing executive function in adolescence: A scoping review of existing measures and their psychometric robustness. Frontiers in Psychology, 10(1), 311. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00311

114.

Papadaki

Giovazolias

(2015). The protective role of father acceptance in the relationship between maternal rejection and bullying: A moderated-mediation model. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 24(2), 330–340. https://doi.org/10.1077/s10826-013-9839-6

115.

Papadakis

A. A.

Prince

R. P.

Jones

N. P.

Strauman

T. J.

(2006). Self-regulation, rumination, and vulnerability to depression in adolescent girls. Development and Psychopathology, 18(3), 815–829. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0954579406060408

116.

Peets

Turunen

Salmivalli

(2021). Rumination mediates the longitudinal associations between elementary-school victimization and adolescents’ internalizing problems. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605211025020.

117.

Peper

J. S.

Dahl

R. E.

(2013). Surging hormones: Brain-behavior interactions during puberty. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 22(3), 134–139. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721412473755

118.

Plexousakis

S. S.

Kourkoutas

Giovazolias

Chatira

Nikolopoulos

(2019). School bullying and post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms: The role of parental bonding. Frontiers in Public Health, 7(75), 75. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2019.00075

119.

Ployhart

R. E.

MacKenzie

W. I.,

Jr. (2015). Two waves of measurement do not a longitudinal study make. In Lance

C. E.

Vandenberg

R. J.

(Eds.), More statistical and methodological myths and urban legends. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group (pp. 85–99).

120.

Podsakoff

P. M.

MacKenzie

S. B.

Lee

J.-Y.

Podsakoff

N. P.

(2003). Common method biases in behavioral research: A critical review of the literature and recommended remedies. Journal of Applied Psychology, 88(5), 879–903. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9101.88.5.879

121.

Pouwels

J. L.

Souren

P. M.

Lansu

T. A. M.

Cillessen

A. H. N.

(2016). Stability of peer victimization: A meta-analysis of longitudinal research. Developmental Review, 40, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.01.001.

122.

Preacher

K. J.

Hayes

A. F.

(2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(6), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.3758/BRM.40.3.879

123.

Prinstein

M. J.

Borelli

J. L.

Cheah

C. S. L.

Simon

V. A.

Aikins

J. W.

(2005). Adolescent girls' interpersonal vulnerability to depressive symptoms: A longitudinal examination of reassurance-seeking and peer relationships. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 114(4), 676–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-843X.114.4.676.

124.

Prinzie

van Harten

L. V.

Deković

van den Akker

A. L.

Shiner

R. L.

(2014). Developmental trajectories of anxious and depressive problems during the transition from childhood to adolescence: Personality × parenting interactions. Development and Psychopathology, 26(4pt1), 1077–1092. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579414000510

125.

Putnick

D. L.

Bornstein

M. H.

(2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review, 41(4), 71–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2016.06.004.

126.

Rieffe

Oosterveld

Miers

A. C.

Meerum Terwogt

(2008). Emotion awareness and internalising symptoms in children and adolescents: The emotion awareness questionnaire revised. Personality and Individual Differences, 45(8), 756–761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2008.08.001

127.

Roberts

Watkins

E. R.

Wills

A. J.

(2017). Does rumination cause “inhibitory” deficits? Psychopathology Review, a4(3), 341–376. https://doi.org/10.5127/pr.036914

128.

Ronold

E. H.

Schmid

M. T.

Oedegaard

K. J.

Hammar

Å.

(2020). A longitudinal 5-year Follow-up study of cognitive function After first episode major depression disorder: exploring state, scar and trait effects. Frontiers in psychiatry, 11, 575867. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2020.575867

129.

Rose

A. J.

(2002). Co-rumination in the friendships of girls and boys. Child Development, 73(6), 1830–1843. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00509

130.

Rose

A. J.

(2021). The costs and benefits of co‐rumination. Child Development Perspectives, 15(3), 176–181. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdep.12419

131.

Rose

A. J.

Glick

G. C.

Smith

R. L.

Schwartz-Mette

R. A.

Borowski

S. K.

(2017). Co-rumination exacerbates stress generation among adolescents with depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45(1), 985–995. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0205-1

132.

Rose

A. J.

Schwartz-Mette

R. A.

Glick

G. C.

Smith

R. L.

Luebbe

A. M.

Aaron

(2014). An observational study of co-rumination in adolescent friendships. Developmental Psychology, 50(9), 2199–2209.

133.

Roux

Philippot

(2020). A mindfulness-based program Among adolescent boys with behavior disorders: a quasi-experimental study. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 29(1), 2186–2200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-020-01751-z

134.

Rudolph

K. D.

(2009). The interpersonal context of adolescent depression. In Nolen-Hoeksema

Hilt

L. M.

(Eds.), Handbook of Depression in Adolescents. Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group (pp. 377–418).

135.

Rudolph

K. D.

(2017). Advances in conceptual and empirical approaches to understanding the interpersonal context of youth depression: Commentary. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 51, 65–69. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.appdev.2017.05.006.

136.

Rudolph

K. D.

Flynn

(2014). Depression in adolescents. In Gotlib

I. H.

Hammen

C. L.

(Eds), Handbook of Depression. The Guildford Press (pp. 391–409).

137.

Saint-Georges

Vaillancourt

(2020). The temporal sequence of depressive symptoms, peer victimization, and self-esteem across adolescence: Evidence for an integrated self-perception driven model. Development and Psychopathology, 32(3), 975–984. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579419000865

138.

Salk

R. H.

Hyde

J. S.

Abramson

L. Y.

(2017). Gender differences in depression in representative national samples: Meta-analyses of diagnoses and symptoms. Psychological Bulletin, 143(8), 783–822. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000102

139.

Sanger

K. L.

Dorjee

(2015). Mindfulness training for adolescents: A neurodevelopmental perspective on investigating modifications in attention and emotion regulation using event-related brain potentials. Cognitive, Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience, 15(3), 696–711. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13415-015-0354-7

140.

Satorra

Bentler

P. M.

(2001). A scaled difference chi-square test statistic for moment structure analysis. Psychometrika, 66(4), 507–514. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02296192

141.

Schwartz

Lansford

J. E.

Dodge

K. A.

Pettit

G. S.

Bates

J. E.

(2015). Peer victimization during middle childhood as a lead indicator of internalizing problems and diagnostic outcomes in late adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(3), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2014.881293

142.

Selig

J. P.

Little

T. D.

(2012). Autoregressive and cross-lagged panel analysis for longitudinal data. In Laursen

Little

T. D.

Card

N. A.

(Eds.), Handbook of Developmental Research Methods. The Guilford Press (pp. 265–278).

143.

Selig

J. P.

Preacher

K. J.

(2009). Mediation models for longitudinal data in developmental research. research. Research in Human Development, 6(2–3), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427600902911247

144.

Sendzik

Schäfer

J. Ö

Samson

A. C

Naumann

Tuschen-Caffier

(2017). Emotional awareness in depressive and anxiety symptoms in youth: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 46(4), 687–700. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-017-0629-0

145.

Sentse

Prinzie

Salmivalli

(2017). Testing the direction of longitudinal paths between victimization, peer rejection, and different Types of internalizing problems in adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 45, 1013–1023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-016-0216-y.

146.

Shapero

B. G.

Hamilton

J. L.

Liu

R. T.

Abramson

L. Y.

Alloy

L. B.

(2013). Internalizing symptoms and rumination: The prospective prediction of familial and peer emotional victimization experiences during adolescence. Journal of Adolescence, 36(6), 1067–1076. https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.adolescence.2013.08.011

147.

Sonkur

Boysan

Kadak

M. T.

(2017). A psychometric investigation of the Turkish version of the children’s Response style scale (CRSS) using structural mediational analysis approach. Sleep &Hypnosis, 19(2), 38–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5350/Sleep.Hypn.2016.18.0119

148.

Spence

S. H.

De Young

Toon

Bond

(2009). Longitudinal examination of the associations between emotional dysregulation, coping responses to peer provocation, and victimisation in children. Australian Journal of Psychology, 61(3), 145–155. https://doi.org/10.1080/00049530802259076

149.

Stapinski

L. A.

Araya

Heron

Montgomery

A. A.

Stallard

(2015). Peer victimization during adolescence: Concurrent and prospective impact on symptoms of depression and anxiety. Anxiety, Stress, and Coping, 28(1), 105–120. https://doi.org/10.1080/10615806.2014.962023

150.

Stevens

E. N.

Holmberg

N. J.

Lovejoy

M. C.

Pittman

L. D.

(2013). When do self-discrepancies predict negative emotions? Exploring formal operational thought and abstract reasoning skills as moderators. Cognition & Emotion, 28(4), 707–716. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2013.845082

151.

Stone

L. B.

Hankin

B. L.

Gibb

B. E.

Abela

J. R. Z.

(2011). Co-rumination predicts the onset of depressive disorders during adolescence. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 120(3), 752–757. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023384

152.

Stroud

C. B.

Sosoo

E. E.

Wilson

(2018). Rumination, excessive reassurance seeking, and stress generation among early adolescent girls. The Journal of Early Adolescence, 38(2), 139–163. https://doi.org/10.1177/0272431616659559

153.

Sweeting

Young

West

Der

(2006). Peer victimization and depression in early-mid adolescence: A longitudinal study. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 76(3), 577–594. http://doi.org/10.1348/000709905X49890

154.

Tabachnick

B. G.

Fidell

L. S.

(2001). Using multivariate statistics (4th Ed.). : Allyn & Bacon.

155.

Telzer

E. H.

Fuligni

A. J.

Lieberman

M. D.

Miernicki

M. E.

Galván

(2015). The quality of adolescents’ peer relationships modulates neural sensitivity to risk taking. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 10(3), 389–398. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsu064

156.

Tran

C. V.

Cole

D. A.

Weiss

(2012). Testing reciprocal longitudinal relations between peer victimization and depressive symptoms in young adolescents. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 41(3), 353–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2012.662674

157.

Troop-Gordon

(2017). Peer victimization in adolescence: The nature, progression, and consequences of being bullied within a developmental context. Journal of Adolescence, 55(1), 116–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.12.012

158.

Twenge

J. M.

Nolen-Hoeksema

(2002). Age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and birth cohort difference on the children's depression inventory: A meta-analysis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111(4), 578–588. https://doi.org/10.1037//0021-843X.111.4.578

159.

Tyrell

F. A.

Yates

T. M.

Widaman

K. F.

Reynolds

C. A.

Fabricius

W. V.

(2019). Data harmonization: Establishing measurement invariance across different assessments of the same construct across adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 48(4), 555–567. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2019.1622124

160.

Vaillancourt

Brittain

H. L.

McDougall

Duku

(2013). Longitudinal links between childhood peer victimization, internalizing and externalizing problems, and academic functioning: Developmental cascades. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 41(1), 1203–1215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-013-9781-5

161.

Van Ettekoven

K. M.

Rasing

S. P. A.

Vermulst

A. A.

Engels

R. C. M. E.

Kindt

K. C. M.

Creemers

D. H. M.

(2020). Cross-lagged associations between depressive symptoms and response style in adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1380. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041380

162.

Van Geel

Goemans

Zwaanswijk

Gini

Vedder

(2018). Does peer victimization predict low self-esteem, or does low self-esteem predict peer victimization? Meta-analyses on longitudinal studies. Developmental Review, 49(1), 31–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2018.07.001

163.

Vernberg

E. M.

Jacobs

A. K.

Hershberger

S. L.

(1999). Peer victimization and attitudes About violence during early adolescence. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 28(3), 386–395. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424jccp280311

164.

Volkaert

Wante

Van Beveren

M.-L.

Vervoort

Braet

(2020). Training adaptive emotion regulation skills in early adolescents: The effects of distraction, acceptance, cognitive reappraisal, and problem solving. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 678–696. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-019-10073-4.

165.

Wagner

C. A.

Alloy

L. B.

Abramson

L. Y.

(2015). Trait rumination, depression, and executive functions in early adolescence. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 44(1), 18–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-014-0133-8

166.

Walters

G. D.

(2019). Why are mediation effects so small? International Journal of Social Research Methodology, 22(2), 219–232. https://doi.org/10.1080/13645579.2018.1517232

167.

Watkins

E. D.

(2015). Psychological treatment of depressive rumination. Current Opinion in Psychology, 4, 32–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2015.01.020.

168.

Watkins

Baracaia

(2002). Rumination and social problem-solving in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(10), 1179–1189. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0005-7967(01)00098-5

169.

Watkins

E. R.

Nolen-Hoeksema

(2014). A habit-goal framework of depressive rumination. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 123(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035540

170.

Welsh

M. C.

Pennington

B. F.

Groisser

D. B.

(1991). A normative‐developmental study of executive function: A window on prefrontal function in children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 7(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1080/87565649109540483

171.

Werner-Seidler

Perry

Calear

A. L.

Newby

J. M.

Christensen

(2017). School-based depression and anxiety prevention programs for young people: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 30–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2016.10.005.

172.

Wichers

Geschwind

van Os

Peeters

(2010). Scars in depression: is a conceptual shift necessary to solve the puzzle? Psychological Medicine, 40(3), 359–365. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291709990420.

173.

Wilkinson

P. O.

Croudace

T. J.

Goodyer

I. M.

(2013). Rumination, anxiety, depressive symptoms and subsequent depression in adolescents at risk for psychopathology: A longitudinal cohort study. BMC Psychiatry, 13(250), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-244X-13-250.

174.

Wojdylo

Karlsson

Baumann

(2016). Do i feel ill because i crave for work or do I crave for work because i feel ill? A longitudinal analysis of work craving, self-regulation, and health. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 5(1), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.5.2016.005

175.

Wright

M. F.

Wachs

(2020). Adolescents’ cyber victimization: The influence of Technologies, gender, and gender stereotype traits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(4), 1293. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17041293

176.

Yeager

D. S.

Dahl

R. E.

Dweck

C. S.

(2018). Why interventions to influence adolescent behavior often fail but could succeed. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(1), 101–122. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691617722620

177.

Zareian

Wilson

LeMoult

(2021). Cognitive control and ruminative responses to stress: Understanding the different facets of cognitive control. Frontiers in psychology, 12(660062). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.660062.

178.

Zetsche

D'Avanzato

Joormann

(2011). Depression and rumination: Relation to components of inhibition. Cognition & Emotion, 26(4), 758–767. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2011.613919

179.

Zhang

Baams

van de Bongardt

Dubas

J. S.

(2018). Intra- and inter-individual differences in adolescent depressive mood: The role of relationships with parents and friends. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 46(4), 811–824. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10802-017-0321-6.

180.

Ziegert

D. I.

Kistner

J. A.

(2002). Response styles theory: Downward extension to children. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 31(3), 325–334. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15374424JCCP3103_04

181.

Zimmermann

Hmaidan

Preiser

Papa

(2020). The influence of implicit theories of depression on treatment-relevant attitudes. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 44, 1002–1014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10608-020-10120-5.

Supplementary Material

Please find the following supplemental material available below.

For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.

For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.

0.00 MB

0.41 MB