The present study investigates the association of parenting and family factors with nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) in preadolescents. A sample of 1,439 preadolescents and their parents were assessed by means of (a) adolescent-reported parenting behaviors (support and behavioral/psychological control), (b) parent-reported parenting behaviors (support and behavioral/psychological control) and parenting stress, and (c) parent-reported family structure, socioeconomic status (SES) of the family, family functioning, and family stressful life-events. The prevalence of NSSI was 4.82%. Preadolescents engaging in NSSI perceived more psychological and behavioral control from their parents. Logistic regression using parent-reported parenting behaviors as covariates showed a significant interaction between parent-reported support and behavioral control in relation to NSSI behaviors. No significant differences in parent-reported parenting stress and family structure emerged. Significant differences in parent-reported SES of families with and without self-injurious preadolescents were found. Finally, no significant associations appeared between the presence of NSSI and parent-reported family functioning and stressful life-events.
BaetensI.ClaesL.MuehlenkampJ.GrietensH.OnghenaP. (2011). Non-suicidal and suicidal self-injurious behavior among Flemish adolescents: A websurvey. Archives of Suicide Research, 15, 56-67. doi:10.1080/13811118.2011.540467
3.
BarberB. K. (1996). Parental psychological control: Revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67, 3296-3319. doi:0009-3920/96/6706-0034S01.00.
4.
BarberB. K.StolzH. E.OlsenJ. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 70, 1-13. doi:10.1111/j.1540-5834.2005.00365.x
5.
BrownS. L. (2004). Family structure and child well-being: The significance of parental cohabitation. Journal of Marriage and Family, 66, 351-367. doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2004.00025.x.
6.
BureauJ. F.MartinJ.FreynetN.PoirierA. A.LafontaineM. F.CloutierP. (2010). Perceived dimensions of parenting and non-suicidal self-injury in young adults. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 39, 484-494. doi:10.1007/s10964-009-9470-4
7.
ClaesL.Fernandez-ArandaF.Jimenez-MurciaS.BotellaC.CasanuevaF.delaTorreR.MenchonM. (2012). Co-occurence of no-suicidal self-injury and impulsivity in extreme weight conditions. Personality and Individual Differences, 54, 137-140. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2012.07.035
8.
de VausD. (2002). Analyzing social science data: 50 key problems in data analysis. Los Angeles, CA: Sage.
9.
GratzK. L. (2006). Risk factors for deliberate self-harm among female college students: The role and interaction of childhood maltreatment, emotional inexpressivity and affect intensity/reactivity. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 79, 238-250. doi:10.1037/0002-9432.76.2.238
10.
GrietensH.HoppenbrouwersK.DesoeteA.WiersemaJ.-R.Van LeeuwenK. (2010). JOnG! Theoretische achtergronden, onderzoeksopzet en verloop van het eerste meetmoment [JOnG! Theoretical background, research design and conduct of the first measurement]. Ongepubliceerd rapport. Leuven, Belgium: Steunpunt Welzijn, Volksgezondheid en Gezin. Retrieved from http://www.steunpuntwvg.be/swvg/_docs/Publicaties/2010_JONG_Hans%20Grietens_zonder%20bijlagen_website.pdf
11.
HankinB. L.AbelaJ. R. Z. (2011). Nonsuicidal self-injury in adolescence: Prospective rates and risk factors in a 2 ½ year longitudinal study. Psychiatry Research, 186, 65-70. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2010.07.056
12.
HeathN. L.TosteJ. R.NedechevaT.CharleboisA. (2008). An examination of nonsuicidal self-injury among college students. Journal of Mental Health Counseling, 30, 137-156. Retrieved from http://amhca.metapress.com/link.asp?id=8p879p3443514678
13.
HiltL. M.NockM. K.Lloyd-RichardsonE. E.PrinsteinM. J. (2008). Longitudinal study of non-suicidal self-injury among young adolescents: Rates, correlates and preliminary tests of an interpersonal model. Journal of Early Adolescence, 28, 455-469. doi:10.1177/0272431608316604.
14.
HolmS. (1979). A simple sequentially rejective multiple test procedure. Scandinavian Journal of Statistics, 6, 65-70. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/4615733
15.
HooleyJ. M. (2008). Self-harming behavior: Introduction to the special series on non-suicidal self-injury and suicide. Applied and Preventive Psychology, 12, 155-158. doi:10.1016/j.appsy.2008.08.001
16.
HoreshN.NachshoniT.WolmerL.TorenP. (2009). A comparison of life-events in suicidal and non-suicidal adolescents and young adults with major depression and borderline personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 50, 496-502. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.01.006
17.
JacobsD.WalshB. W.McDadeM.PigeonS. (2009). Signs of self-injury prevention manual. Wellesley Hills, MA: Screening for Mental Health.
18.
JacobsonC. M.GouldM. (2007). The epidemiology and phenomenology of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior among adolescents: A critical review of the literature. Archives of Suicide Research, 11, 129-147. doi:10.1080/13811110701247602
19.
KootH. M. (1997). Handleiding bij de vragenlijst voor gezinsproblemen [Guide to the questionnaire for family problems]. Rotterdam, Netherlands: Afdeling Kinder-en Jeugdpsychiatrie, Sophia Kinderziekenhuis/Academisch Ziekenhuis Rotterdam/Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam.
20.
LinehanM. M. (1993). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of borderline personality disorder. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
21.
MartinG.RozanesP.PearceC.AllisonS. (1995). Adolescent suicide, depression and family dysfunction. Acta Psychiatrica. Scandinavica, 92, 336-344. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1995.tb09594.x
MartinG.WaiteS. (1994). Parental bonding and vulnerability to adolescent suicide. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 89, 246-254. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1994.tb01509.x
24.
MuehlenkampJ. J.ClaesL.HavertapeL.PlenerP. (2012). International prevalence of adolescent non-suicidal self-injury and deliberate self-harm. Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health, 6, 10. doi:10.1186/1753-2000-6-10.
25.
MuehlenkampJ. J.GutierrezP. M. (2007). Risk for suicide attempts among adolescents who engage in non-suicide self-injury. Archives of Suicide Research, 11, 69-82. doi:10.1080/13811110600992902
26.
MuehlenkampJ. J.HoffE. R.LichtJ. G.AzureJ. A.HasenzahlS. J. (2008). Rates of non-suicidal self-injury: A cross-sectional analysis of exposure. Current Psychology, 4, 234-241. doi:10.1007/s12144-008-9036-8
27.
MuehlenkampJ. J.WilliamsK. L.GutierrezP. M.ClaesL. (2009). Rates of non-suicidal self-injury in high school students across five years. Archives of Suicide Research, 13, 317-329. doi:10.1080/13811110903266368
28.
NixonM. K.CloutierP.JanssonM. (2008). Nonsuicidal self-harm in youth: A population-based survey. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 178, 306-312. doi:10.1503/cmaj.061693
29.
NixonM. K.HeathN. L. (2009). Self-injury in youth: The essential guide to assessment and intervention. New York, NY: Taylor and Francis Group.
30.
NockM. K. (2009a). Why do people hurt themselves? New insights into the nature and functions of self-injury. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 18, 78-83. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8721.2009.01613.x
31.
NockM. K. (2009b). Understanding non-suicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment and treatment. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
32.
NockM.FavazzaA. (2009). Nonsuicidal self-injury: Definition and classification. In NockM. (Ed.), Understanding non-suicidal self-injury: Origins, assessment and treatment (pp. 9-18). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
33.
ParkerG. (1983a). Parental overprotection: A risk factor in psychosocial development. New York, NY: Grune & Stratton.
34.
ParkerG. (1983b). Parental “affectionless control” as an antecedent to adult depression. Archives of General Psychiatry, 40, 956-960. doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1983.01790080038005
35.
ParkerG.Hadzi-PavlovicD.GreenwaldS.WeissmanM. (1995). Low parental care as a risk factor to lifetime depression in a community sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 33, 173-180. doi:10.1016/0165-0327(94)00086-O
36.
ParkerG.TuplingH.BrownL. B. (1979). A parental bonding instrument. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 52, 1-10. doi:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1979.tb02487.x
37.
PattonG. C.CoffeyC.PosterinoJ. B.CarlinJ. B.WolfeR. (2001). Parental “affectionless control” in adolescent depressive disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric epidemiology, 36, 475-480. doi:10.1007/s001270170011
38.
PortzkyG.De WildeE. J.Van HeeringenC. (2008). Deliberate self-harm in young people: Differences in prevalence and risk factors between The Netherlands and Belgium. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 17, 179-186. doi:10.1007/s00787-007-0652-x
39.
PrinsteinM. J. (2008). Introduction to the special section on suicide and nonsuicidal self-injury: A review of unique challenges and important directions for self-injury science. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 76, 1-8. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.76.1.1.
40.
RobertsC.KaneR.BishopB.MatthewsH.ThomsonH. (2004). The prevention of depressive symptoms in rural school children: A follow-up study. International Journal of Mental Health Promotion, 6, 4-16. doi:10.1080/14623730.2004.9721934
41.
RollinsB. C.ThomasD. L. (1979). Parental support, power and control techniques in the socialization of children. In BurrW. R.HillR.NyeF. I.ReissI. L. (Eds.), Contemporary theories about the family (pp. 317-364). London, UK: Free Press.
42.
SkinnerH. A.SteinhauerP. D.Santa-BarbaraJ. (1983). The Family Assessment Measure. Canadian Journal of Community Mental Health, 2, 91-105. doi:10.1111/1467-6427.00146
43.
SouranderA.AromaaM.PihlakoskiL.HaavistoA.RautavaP.HeleniusH.SillanpääM. (2006). Early predictors of deliberate self-harm among adolescents. A prospective follow-up study from age 3 to age 15. Journal of Affective Disorders, 93, 87-96. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.015
44.
SuyemotoK. L. (1998). The functions of self-mutilation. Clinical Psychology Review, 18, 531-554. doi:10.1016/S0272-7358(97)00105-0
45.
Van LeeuwenK.VermulstA. (2004). Some psychometric properties of the Ghent parental behavior scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 20, 283-298. doi:10.1027/1015-5759.20.4.283
46.
VeermanJ. W.JanssenJ.ten BrinkL. T.van der HorstH.KoedootP. (2003). Vragenlijst Meegemaakte Gebeurtenissen (VMG). Voorlopige handleiding 3e herziening [Questionnaire family events (VMG). Preliminary manual revision 3]. Nijmegen, Netherlands: ACSW/Praktikon.
47.
WalshB. W. (2006). Treating self-injury: A practical guide. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
48.
WelsP. M. A.RobbroeckxL. M. H. (1996). NVOS, Nijmeegse Vragenlijst voor de Opvoedingssituatie. Handleiding [Manual of the Assessment of Family Stress; AFS]. Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.
49.
WhitlockJ. L.EckenrodeJ.SilvermanD. (2006). Self-injurious behaviors in a college population. Paediatrics, 117, 1939-1948. doi:10.1542/peds.2005-2543
50.
YatesT. M. (2004). The developmental psychopathology of self-injurious behavior: Compensatory regulation in posttraumatic adaptation. Clinical Psychological Review, 24, 35-74. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2003.10.001
