School bullying has negative implications for adolescent academic competence, making it important to explore what factors promote such competence for adolescents who bully and who are bullied. Potential contextual and individual variables linked to academic competence were examined in the context of bullying. Data were derived from the Grades 5 and 6 of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development, a national longitudinal investigation of adolescents in the United States that began in 2002. Longitudinal random effects hierarchical regression analyses with a subsample of 620 adolescents indicated that being a bully negatively impacted academic competence beyond demographic background, including sex and maternal education, and prior year academic competence. Concurrent random effects hierarchical regression analyses of a subsample of 250 adolescents suggested that educational expectations and school engagement interacted in fostering academic competence for bullies and victims. These findings highlight the importance of addressing academic competence in bullying interventions.
Andershed, H., Kerr, M., & Stattin, H. ( 2001). Bullying in school and violence on the streets: Are the same people involved? Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention, 2(1), 31-49.
2.
Atria, M., & Spiel, C. ( 2007). Viennese Social Competence (ViSC) training for students: Program and evaluation. In J. E. Zins , M. J. Elias, & C. A. Maher (Eds.), Bullying, victimization, and peer harassment: A handbook of prevention and intervention (pp. 179-197). New York, NY: Haworth.
3.
Baltes, P.B., Reese, H.W., & Nesselroade, J.R. (1988). Life-span developmental psychology: Introduction to research methods. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
4.
Benson, P.L., Scales, P.C., Hamilton, S.F., & Sesma, A., Jr. (2006). Positive youth development: Theory, research, and applications. In R. M. Lerner (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 1 Theoretical models of human development (6th ed.; pp. 894-941). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
5.
Bogenschneider, K. ( 1997). Parental involvement in adolescent schooling: A proximal process with transcontextual validity. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 59(3), 718-733.
6.
Boyce Rodgers, K., & Rose, H.A. ( 2001). Personal, family, and school factors related to adolescent academic performance: A comparison by family structure. Marriage & Family Review, 33(4), 47-61.
7.
Callaghan, S., & Joseph, S. ( 1995). Self-concept and peer victimization among schoolchildren . Personality and Individual Differences, 18(1), 161-163.
8.
Christian, K., Morrison, F.J., & Bryant, F.B. ( 1998). Predicting kindergarten academic skills: Interactions among child care, maternal education, and family literacy environments. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 13(3), 501-521.
9.
Cohen, J., Cohen, P., West, S.G., & Aiken, L.S. ( 2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
10.
Dornbusch, S.M., Ritter, P.L., Leiderman, P., Roberts, D.F., & Fraleigh, M.J. (1987). The relation of parenting style to adolescent school performance. Child Development , 58(5), 1244-1257.
11.
Dupper, D.R., & Meyer-Adams, N. (2002). Low-level violence: A neglected aspect of school culture. Urban Education, 37(3), 350-364.
12.
Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R.A., Murphy, B., Karbon, M., Smith, M., & Maszk, P. ( 1996). The relations of children’s dispositional empathy-related responding to their emotionality, regulation, and social functioning . Developmental Psychology, 32, 195-209.
13.
Englund, M.M., Luckner, A.E., Whaley, G.J.L., & Egeland, B. ( 2004). Children’s achievement in early elementary school: Longitudinal effects of parental involvement, expectations, and quality of assistance. Journal of Educational Psychology, 96(4), 723-730.
14.
Featherman, D.L., & Hauser, R.M. ( 1976). Sexual inequalities and socioeconomic achievement in the U.S., 1962-1973. American Sociological Review, 41, 462-483.
15.
Featherman, D.L., & Hauser, R.M. ( 1978.) Opportunity and change. New York: Academic Press.
16.
Finn, J.D., & Rock, D.A. ( 1997). Academic success among students at risk for school failure . Journal of Applied Psychology, 82(2), 221-234.
17.
Flouri, E. ( 2006). Raising expectations. The Psychologist , 19(11), 664-666.
18.
Goldschmidt, P., & Wang, J. ( 1999). When can schools affect dropout behavior? A longitudinal multilevel analysis. American Educational Research Journal , 36, 715-738.
19.
Hanish, L.D., & Guerra, N.G. ( 2002). A longitudinal analysis of patterns of adjustment following peer victimization. Development and Psychopathology , 14(1), 69-89.
20.
Harter, S. ( 1983). Supplementary description of the Self-Perception Profile for Children: Revision of the Perceived Competence Scale for Children. Unpublished manuscript, University of Denver.
21.
Hauser, R.M. ( 1997). Indicators of high school completion and dropout . In R. M. Hauser, B. V. Brown, & W. R. Prosser (Eds.), Indicators of children’s well-being (pp. 152-184). New York: Russell Sage.
22.
Hauser, R.M., & Featherman, D.L. (1974). Socioeconomic achievements of U.S. men, 1962 to 1972. Science, 185, 325-331.
23.
Hazler, R.J. ( 1994). Bullying breeds violence: You can stop it. Learning, 22, 38-41.
24.
Hazler, R.J., Hoover, J.H., & Oliver, R. ( 1991). Student perceptions of victimization by bullies in school . Journal of Humanistic Education and Development , 29, 143-150.
25.
Hinshaw, S.P. ( 1992). Externalizing behavior problems and academic underachievement in childhood and adolescence: Causal relationships and underlying mechanisms . Psychological Bulletin, 111(1), 127-155.
26.
Hodges, E.V.E., Boivin, M., Vitaro, F., & Bukowski, W.M. (1999). The power of friendship: Protection against an escalating cycle of peer victimization. Developmental Psychology, 35(1), 94-101.
27.
Hodges, E.V.E., & Perry, D.G. ( 1999). Personal and interpersonal antecedents and consequences of victimization by peers. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76(4), 677-685.
28.
Holmes, S.R., & Brandenburg-Ayres, S.J. (1998). Bullying behavior in school: A predictor of later gang involvement. Journal of Gang Research, 5(2), 1-6.
29.
Hortacsu, N. ( 1995). Parents’ education levels, parents’ beliefs, and child outcomes. Journal of Genetic Psychology , 156(3), 373-383.
30.
Jimerson, S., Egeland, B., & Teo, A. ( 1999). A longitudinal study of achievement trajectories: Factors associated with change. Journal of Educational Psychology , 91(1), 116-126.
31.
Juvonen, J., Nishina, A., & Graham, S. ( 2000). Peer harassment, psychological adjustment, and school functioning in early adolescence. Journal of Educational Psychology , 92(2), 349-359.
32.
Kaukiainen, A., Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Tamminen, M., Vauras, M., Maki, H., et al. (2002). Learning difficulties, social intelligence and self-concept: Connections to bullyvictim problems. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. 43(3), 269-278.
33.
Keith, T.Z., Keith, P.B., Quirk, K.J., Cohen-Rosenthal, E., & Franzese, B. ( 1996). Effects of parental involvement on achievement for students who attend school in rural America. Journal of Research in Rural Education, 12, 55-67.
34.
Keith, T.Z., Keith, P.B., Quirk, K.J., Sperduto, J., Santillo, S., & Killings, S. ( 1998). Longitudinal effects of parent involvement on high school grades: Similarities and differences across gender and ethnic groups. Journal of School Psychology, 36(3), 335-363.
35.
Kim, K., & Rohner, R.P. ( 2002). Parental warmth, control, and involvement in schooling: Predicting academic achievement among KoreanAmerican adolescents. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(2), 127-140.
36.
Kochenderfer, B.J., & Ladd, G.W. ( 1996). Peer victimization: Cause or consequence of school maladjustment ? Child Development, 67(4), 1305-1317.
Lerner, R.M. ( 2002). Concepts and theories of human development (3rd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
39.
Lerner, R.M. ( 2004). Liberty: Thriving and civic engagement among America’s youth. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
40.
Lerner, R.M., Lerner, J.V., Almerigi, J.B., Theokas, C., Phelps, E., Gestsdottir, S., et al. (2005). Positive youth development, participation in community youth development programs, and community contributions of fifth-grade adolescents: Findings from the First Wave of the 4-H Study of Positive Youth Development. Journal of Early Adolescence, 25(1), 17-71.
41.
Liaw, F., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1994). Cumulative familial risks and low birth weight children’s cognitive and behavioral development . Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 23, 360-372.
42.
Morrison, E.F., Rimm-Kauffman, S., & Pianta, R.C. ( 2003). A longitudinal study of mother-child interactions at school entry and social and academic outcomes in middle school. Journal of School Psychology, 41(3), 185-200.
43.
Nansel, T.R., Overpeck, M., Pilla, R.S., Ruan, W.J., Simons-Morton, B., & Scheidt, P. ( 2001). Bullying behaviors among US youth: Prevalence and association with psychosocial adjustment. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 285(16), 2094-2100.
44.
Nansel, T.R., Overpeck, M.D., Haynie, D.L., Ruan, W.J., & Scheidt, P.C. ( 2003). Relationships between bullying and violence among US youth. Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, 157, 348-353.
45.
Neary, A., & Joseph, S. ( 1994). Peer victimization and its relationship to self-concept and depression among schoolgirls. Personality and Individual Differences, 16(1), 183-186.
46.
O’Connell, P., Pepler, D., & Craig, W. ( 1999). Peer involvement in bullying: Insights and challenges for intervention. Journal of Adolescence, 22(4), 437-452.
47.
O’Donnell, D., Schwab-Stone, M.E., & Muyeed, A.Z. ( 2002). Multidimensional resilience in urban children exposed to community violence. Child Development73(4), 1265-1282.
48.
Olweus, D. ( 1993). Bullying at school: What we know and what we can do. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.
49.
Olweus, D. ( 1996). The Revised Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Mimeo . Bergen, Norway: Research Center for Health Promotion (HEMIL Center), University of Bergen.
50.
Olweus, D. ( 1999). Norway. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus , R. F. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 28-48). London: Routledge.
51.
Pepler, D. ( 2006). Bullying interventions: A binocular perspective . Journal of Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry , 15(1), 16-20.
52.
Radloff, L.S. ( 1977). The CES-D Scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement , 1(3), 385-401.
53.
Reynolds, A.J. ( 1992). Comparing measures of parental involvement and their effects on academic achievement. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 7(3), 441-462.
54.
Riala, K., Isohanni, I., Jokelainen, J., Jones, P.B., & Isohanni, M. ( 2003). The relationship between childhood family background and educational performance, with special reference to single-parent families: A longitudinal study. Social Psychology of Education, 6(4), 349-365.
55.
Rigby, K. ( 2000). Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being. Journal of Adolescence , 23(1), 57-68.
56.
Rigby, K. ( 2001). Health consequences of bullying and its prevention in schools. In J. Juvonen & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 310-331). New York: Guilford.
57.
Rosenfeld, L.B., Richman, J.M., & Bowen, G.L. ( 2000). Social support networks and school outcomes: The centrality of the teacher. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 17(3), 205-226.
58.
Rumberger, R.W., & Larson, K.A. ( 1998). Student mobility and the increased risk of high school drop out. American Journal of Education, 107, 1-35.
59.
Salmivalli, C., Lagerspetz, K., Björkqvist, K., Österman, K., & Kaukiainen, A. (1996). Bullying as a group process: Participant roles and their relations to social status within the group. Aggressive Behavior, 22, 1-15.
60.
Schludermann, E., & Schludermann, S. (1970). Replicability of factors in children’s reports of parent behavior. Journal of Psychology, 76, 239-249.
61.
Schwartz, D., McFadyen-Ketchum, S.A., Dodge, K.A., Pettit, G.S., & Bates, J.E. ( 1998). Peer group victimization as a predictor of children’s behavior problems at home and in school. Development and Psychopathology , 10(1), 87-99.
62.
Sharp, S. ( 1995). How much does bullying hurt? The effects of bullying on the personal well-being and educational progress of secondary aged students . Educational and Child Psychology, 12(2), 81-88.
63.
Sharp, S., & Smith, P.K. ( 1994). Tackling bullying in your school. New York: Routledge.
64.
Shinn, M.R., Ramsey, E., Walker, H.M., Stieber, S., & O’Neill, R.E. (1987). Antisocial behavior in school settings: Initial differences in an at-risk and normal population . Journal of Special Education, 21, 69-84.
65.
Singer, J.D., & Willet, J.B. ( 2003). Applied longitudinal data analysis: Modeling change and event occurrence. New York: Oxford University Press.
66.
Sirin, S.R., & Rogers-Sirin, L. (2004). Exploring school engagement of middle-class AfricanAmerican adolescents. Youth & Society, 35(3), 323-340.
67.
Small, S.A., & Kerns, D. ( 1993). Unwanted sexual activity among peers during early and middle adolescence: Incidence and risk factors. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 55(4), 941-952.
68.
Small, S.A., & Rodgers, K.B. ( 1995). Teen Assessment Project Survey Question Bank. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin-Madison .
69.
Smith, P.K., & Brain, P. ( 2000). Bullying in schools: Lessons from two decades of research . Aggressive Behavior, 26(1), 1-9.
70.
Smith, P.K., & Morita, Y. ( 1999). Introduction. In P. K. Smith, Y. Morita, J. Junger-Tas, D. Olweus , R. F. Catalano, & P. Slee (Eds.), The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective (pp. 1-4). London: Routledge.
71.
Smith, P. K., Morita, Y., Junger-Tas, J., Olweus, D., Catalano, R. F., & Slee, P. (Eds.). (1999). The nature of school bullying: A cross-national perspective. London: Routledge.
72.
Solberg, M.E., & Olweus, D. ( 2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior , 29(3), 239-268.
73.
Steinberg, L., Lamborn, S.D., Dornbusch, S.M., & Darling, N. ( 1992). Impact of parenting practices on adolescent achievement: Authoritative parenting, school involvement, and encouragement to succeed . Child Development, 63(5), 1266-1281.
74.
Swanson, C.B., & Schneider, B. ( 1999). Students on the move: Residential and educational mobility in America’s schools. Sociology of Education , 72, 54-67.
75.
Toblin, R.L., Schwartz, D., Gorman, A.H., & Abou-Ezzeddine, T. (2005). Social-cognitive and behavioral attributes of aggressive victims of bullying. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 26(3), 329-346.
76.
Waxman, H.C., Huang, S.L., & Padrón, Y.N. (1997). Motivation and learning environment differences between resilient and nonresilient Latino middle school students. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 19(2), 137-155.
77.
Williams, B.F. ( 1992). Changing demographics: Challenges for educators . Intervention in School and Clinic, 27(3), 157-163.
78.
Yang, K., Chung, H., & Kim, U. ( 2003). The effects of school violence on the psychological adjustment of Korean adolescents: A comparative analysis of bullies, victims, and bystanders . In K. Yang & K. Hwang (Eds.), Progress in Asian social psychology: Conceptual and empirical contributions. Contributions in psychology (pp. 263-275). Westport, CT: Praeger / Greenwood .
