Nelly P.Stromquist, Sex-equity legislation in education: The state as promoter of women's rights, Review of Educational Research63, 379-407 (1993).
2.
ACS Women Chemists Committee, Domestic Status, Discrimination, and Career Opportunities of Men and Women Chemists. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society , 1992.
3.
Jerry A.Jacobs, Gender and academic specialties: Trends among college and graduate degree recipients during the 1980s, Russell Sage Working Paper #50, April 1994. Copies available from author at Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA19104-6299.
4.
News report in Chronicle of Higher Education, June 15, 1994 , p. A31.
5.
Science and Engineering Degrees: 1966-1989. Detailed Statistical Tables, Report NSF 91-31, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1991
6.
; John Tsapogas, Characteristics of Recent Science and Engineering Graduates: 1990, Report NSF 92-316, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1992
7.
; Science and Engineering Doctorates: 1960-91, Report NSF 93-301, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1993.
8.
Mildred Dresselhaus , Update on the chilly climate for women in physics , CSWP Gazette [Newsletter of the Committee on the Status of Women in Physics of the American Physical Society], 14, no. 1, 4-9, 24 (Spring 1994). However, the proportion of female winners in chemistry and computer science actually declined.
9.
Susan T. Hill, Science & engineering doctorate awards are at an all-time high , Science Resources Studies Division. National Science Foundation, Data Brief, Oct. 3, 1994, no. 6.
10.
Courtney Leatherman, Number of Blacks earning Ph.D.'s rose 15% in year, Chronicle of Higher Education, October 12, 1994, A16.
11.
Mairin Brennan and Janice R. Long, Facts and figures for chemical R & D, Chemical & Engineering News, 72, no. 34, 34-67 (August 22, 1994).
12.
Richard C. Atkinson, Supply and demand for scientists and engineers: A national crisis in the making, Science248, 425-432 (1990).
13.
Paul G. Gasman, Introduction: The scientific pipeline in chemistry: Working together to fill the needs of academia and industry, In Partnerships in Chemical Research and Education, J. E. McEvoy, ed., pp. ix-xvi. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. (ACS Symposium Series, no. 478)
14.
Kenneth J. Cooper, Study sees shortfall of graduates in technical skills. Task force recommends efforts to recruit women and minorities in science, engineering, Washington Post, December 19, 1989.
15.
Joseph Palca , OTA challenges dogma on research funding, Science, 251, 1555 (1991).
16.
Joseph Palca and Eliot Marshall, NSF under the magnifying glass, Science, 255, 280-81 (1992).
17.
Eliot Marshall, Congress: Was the 'shortfall' phoney?, Science, 256, 172 (1992).
18.
Boyce Rensberger , "Scientist shortfall a myth. NSF study seriously flawed, panel is told, Washington Post, April 9, 1992.
19.
William J.Broad, Research spending is Declining in U. S. as it Rises Abroad , New York Times, February 21, 1992
20.
; Japan seen passing U. S. in research by industry, Ibid., February 25, 1992.
21.
Irwin Goodwin, Clinton's science policy doctrine; Lofty goals but a lesser reality , Physics Today, 47, no. 9, 79-81 (September 1994). Brennan and Long, ref. 5.
22.
R. Keith Wilkinson, Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1991, National Science Foundation, Report NSF 94-307, Arlington, VA, 1994. Data are based on the 1991 Survey of Doctorate Recipients conducted for NSF by the National Research Council. The sample of 37,996 was drawn from a sampling frame of 537,425 (scientists and engineers who earned a doctoral degree from a U.S. college or university in a science or engineering field, who were U. S. citizens or planned to remain in the U.S., and who were under 76 years of age); the response rate was 87%. Additional data were supplied by Dan Pasquini of NRC.
23.
Philip J. Hilts, F. D. A. ends ban on women in drug testing , New York Times, March 25, 1993.
24.
Jenny P. Glusker, ed., Structural Crystallography and Chemistry and Biology, Hutchinson Ross , Stroudsburg, PA, 1981.
25.
In France crystallography became known as a subject for girls, according to Andre Guinier, Crystallography and the future, Physics Today, 28, no. 2, 23-29 (1975).
26.
P.W. Atkins , General Chemistry, Freeman/ Scientific American Books , New York, 1989
27.
; James E. Brady, General Chemistry, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 1990
28.
; Bernice Segal, Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1989
29.
; F.A. Carey, Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987
(15) Margaret Rossiter, The Matthew Matilda effect in science, Social Studies of Science , 23, 325-341 (1993).
32.
I know of only one book that provides biographical information on all of these women: Emily J. McMurray, ed., Notable Twentieth Century Scientists, Gale Research Inc ., Detroit, 1995.
33.
More extensive biographical chapters on Cori, Curie, Elion, Hodgkin, Irène Joliot-Curie, Levi-Montalcini, McClintock, Meitner, Noether, Wu, and Yalow are in the book by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne , Nobel Prize Women in Science, Birch Lane Press, New York, 1993 .
34.
Stephen G. Brush, Women in science and engineering, American Scientist, 79, 404-419 (1991).
35.
Nancy W. Brickhouse, Carolyn S. Carter and Kathryn C. Scantlebury , Women and chemistry: Shifting the equilibrium , Journal of Chemical Education, 67, 116-118 (1990).
36.
Marcia Barinaga et al., Women in science '94: Comparisons across cultures, Science, 263, 14671496 (1994).
37.
Mary Osborn, Status and prospects of women in science in Europe, Science , 263, 1389-1393 (1994).
38.
Howard Wainer and Linda S.Steinberg, Sex differences in performance on the mathematics section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test: A bidirectional validity study, Harvard Educational Review, 62, 323-336 (1992).
39.
FairTest (The National Center for Fair & Open Testing), National Merit Awards still biased against women, FairTest Examiner, 7, no. 2, 1, 4 (Spring 1993). Summarized in New York Times, May 26, 1993.
40.
Robert Schaeffer (Public Education Director of FairTest), private communication. Additional information on the complaint may be obtained from FairTest , The National Center for Fair & Open Testing, 342 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02139-1802.
41.
Constance Holden , Study flunks science and math tests, Science, 258, 541 (1992).
42.
Sheila Tobias , They're Not Dumb. They're Different: Stalking the Second Tier, Research Corporation, Tucson, AZ, 1990.
43.
Robert Fiorentine and Stephen Cole, Why fewer women become physicians: Explaining the premed persistence gap, Sociological Forum , 7, 469-496 (1992).
44.
A. Christopher Strenta, Rogers Elliott, Russell Adair, Michael Matier and Jannah Scott, Choosing and leaving science in highly selective institutions, Research in Higher Education, 35, 513-547 (1994).
45.
Dresselhaus, ref. 4.
46.
Science and Engineering Doctorates: 1960-91, National Science Foundation, Report NSF 93-301, Washington, DC, 1993 .
47.
ACS Women Chemists Committee (ref.1) and additional information from Joan Burrelli at ACS.
48.
Diane E.Eyer, Mother-Infant Bonding: A Scientific Fiction, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1993.
49.
Susan Kolker Finkel, Steven Olswang and Nian She, Childbirth, Tenure, and Promotion for Women Faculty, Review of Higher Education , 17, 259-370 (1994).
50.
Robert K.Toutkoushian, Using citations to measure sex discrimination in faculty salaries , Review of Higher Education, 18, 61-82 (1994).
51.
Linda K.Johnsrud and Christine D. Desjarlais, Barriers to tenure for women and minorities , Review of Higher Education, 17, 335-353 (1994).
