Women,Science,and Universities

Nelly P. Stromquist, Sex-equity legislation in education: The state as promoter of women's rights, Review of Educational Research 63, 379-407 (1993).

ACS Women Chemists Committee , Domestic Status, Discrimination, and Career Opportunities of Men and Women Chemists. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society , 1992.

Jerry A. Jacobs, Gender and academic specialties : Trends among college and graduate degree recipients during the 1980s, Russell Sage Working Paper #50, April 1994. Copies available from author at Department of Sociology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 1910 4-6299.

News report in Chronicle of Higher Education, June 15, 1994 , p. A31.

Science and Engineering Degrees: 1966-1989. Detailed Statistical Tables, Report NSF 91-31, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1991

; John Tsapogas , Characteristics of Recent Science and Engineering Graduates: 1990, Report NSF 92-316, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1992

; Science and Engineering Doctorates: 1960-91, Report NSF 93-301, National Science Foundation, Washington, DC, 1993.

Mildred Dresselhaus , Update on the chilly climate for women in physics , CSWP Gazette [Newsletter of the Committee on the Status of Women in Physics of the American Physical Society], 14, no. 1, 4-9, 24 (Spring 1994). However, the proportion of female winners in chemistry and computer science actually declined.

Susan T. Hill , Science & engineering doctorate awards are at an all-time high , Science Resources Studies Division. National Science Foundation, Data Brief, Oct. 3, 1994, no. 6.

Courtney Leatherman , Number of Blacks earning Ph.D.'s rose 15% in year, Chronicle of Higher Education, October 12, 1994, A16.

Mairin Brennan and Janice R. Long , Facts and figures for chemical R & D, Chemical & Engineering News, 72, no. 34, 34-67 (August 22, 1994).

Richard C. Atkinson , Supply and demand for scientists and engineers: A national crisis in the making, Science 248, 425-432 (1990).

Paul G. Gasman , Introduction: The scientific pipeline in chemistry: Working together to fill the needs of academia and industry, In Partnerships in Chemical Research and Education, J. E. McEvoy , ed., pp. ix-xvi. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1992. (ACS Symposium Series, no. 478)

Kenneth J. Cooper , Study sees shortfall of graduates in technical skills. Task force recommends efforts to recruit women and minorities in science, engineering, Washington Post, December 19, 1989.

Joseph Palca , OTA challenges dogma on research funding, Science, 251, 1555 (1991).

Joseph Palca and Eliot Marshall , NSF under the magnifying glass, Science, 255, 280-81 (1992).

Eliot Marshall , Congress: Was the 'shortfall' phoney?, Science, 256, 172 (1992).

Boyce Rensberger , "Scientist shortfall a myth. NSF study seriously flawed, panel is told, Washington Post, April 9, 1992.

William J. Broad, Research spending is Declining in U. S. as it Rises Abroad , New York Times, February 21, 1992

; Japan seen passing U. S. in research by industry, Ibid., February 25, 1992.

Irwin Goodwin , Clinton's science policy doctrine; Lofty goals but a lesser reality , Physics Today, 47, no. 9, 79-81 (September 1994). Brennan and Long, ref. 5.

R. Keith Wilkinson , Characteristics of Doctoral Scientists and Engineers in the United States: 1991, National Science Foundation, Report NSF 94-307, Arlington, VA, 1994. Data are based on the 1991 Survey of Doctorate Recipients conducted for NSF by the National Research Council. The sample of 37,996 was drawn from a sampling frame of 537,425 (scientists and engineers who earned a doctoral degree from a U.S. college or university in a science or engineering field, who were U. S. citizens or planned to remain in the U.S., and who were under 76 years of age); the response rate was 87%. Additional data were supplied by Dan Pasquini of NRC.

Philip J. Hilts , F. D. A. ends ban on women in drug testing , New York Times, March 25, 1993.

Jenny P. Glusker , ed., Structural Crystallography and Chemistry and Biology, Hutchinson Ross , Stroudsburg, PA, 1981.

In France crystallography became known as a subject for girls, according to Andre Guinier , Crystallography and the future, Physics Today, 28, no. 2, 23-29 (1975).

P.W. Atkins , General Chemistry, Freeman/ Scientific American Books , New York, 1989

; James E. Brady , General Chemistry, 5th ed., Wiley, New York, 1990

; Bernice Segal , Chemistry, 2nd ed., Wiley, New York, 1989

; F.A. Carey , Organic Chemistry, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1987

; Seyhan Ege , Organic Chemistry, 2nd ed., Heath, Lexington, MA, 1989.

(15) Margaret Rossiter , The Matthew Matilda effect in science, Social Studies of Science , 23, 325-341 (1993).

I know of only one book that provides biographical information on all of these women: Emily J. McMurray , ed., Notable Twentieth Century Scientists, Gale Research Inc ., Detroit, 1995.

More extensive biographical chapters on Cori, Curie, Elion, Hodgkin, Irène Joliot-Curie, Levi-Montalcini, McClintock, Meitner, Noether, Wu, and Yalow are in the book by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne , Nobel Prize Women in Science, Birch Lane Press, New York, 1993 .

Stephen G. Brush , Women in science and engineering, American Scientist, 79, 404-419 (1991).

Nancy W. Brickhouse , Carolyn S. Carter and Kathryn C. Scantlebury , Women and chemistry: Shifting the equilibrium , Journal of Chemical Education, 67, 116-118 (1990).

Marcia Barinaga et al., Women in science '94: Comparisons across cultures, Science, 263, 14671496 (1994).

Mary Osborn , Status and prospects of women in science in Europe, Science , 263, 1389-1393 (1994).

Howard Wainer and Linda S. Steinberg, Sex differences in performance on the mathematics section of the Scholastic Aptitude Test: A bidirectional validity study, Harvard Educational Review, 62, 323-336 (1992).

FairTest (The National Center for Fair & Open Testing) , National Merit Awards still biased against women, FairTest Examiner, 7, no. 2, 1, 4 (Spring 1993). Summarized in New York Times, May 26, 1993.

Robert Schaeffer (Public Education Director of FairTest), private communication. Additional information on the complaint may be obtained from FairTest , The National Center for Fair & Open Testing, 342 Broadway, Cambridge, MA 02139-1802.

Constance Holden , Study flunks science and math tests, Science, 258, 541 (1992).

Sheila Tobias , They're Not Dumb. They're Different: Stalking the Second Tier, Research Corporation, Tucson, AZ, 1990.

Robert Fiorentine and Stephen Cole , Why fewer women become physicians: Explaining the premed persistence gap, Sociological Forum , 7, 469-496 (1992).

A. Christopher Strenta , Rogers Elliott , Russell Adair , Michael Matier and Jannah Scott , Choosing and leaving science in highly selective institutions, Research in Higher Education, 35, 513-547 (1994).

Dresselhaus, ref. 4.

Science and Engineering Doctorates: 1960-91, National Science Foundation, Report NSF 93-301, Washington, DC, 1993 .

ACS Women Chemists Committee (ref.1) and additional information from Joan Burrelli at ACS.

Diane E. Eyer, Mother-Infant Bonding: A Scientific Fiction, Yale University Press, New Haven, CT, 1993.

Susan Kolker Finkel , Steven Olswang and Nian She , Childbirth, Tenure, and Promotion for Women Faculty, Review of Higher Education , 17, 259-370 (1994).

Robert K. Toutkoushian, Using citations to measure sex discrimination in faculty salaries , Review of Higher Education, 18, 61-82 (1994).

Linda K. Johnsrud and Christine D. Desjarlais, Barriers to tenure for women and minorities , Review of Higher Education, 17, 335-353 (1994).