Whom To Heed in the Expert Society.

Achebe', Chinua, Things Fall Apart. Fawcett Publications, Greenwich, CT, 1959. (Recommended as providing description of traditional African divining practices; compare with modem specialists' activities)

Baum, L. Frank , The Wonderful Wizard of Oz. Dover, New York, 1966. (Contains modem society's view of the prototypical "expert," the Wizard)

Caesar-Wolf, Beatrice , "The Construction of 'Adjudicable' Evidence in a West German Civil Hearing," Text 4 ( 1-3) 193-223 (1984). (Describes how a person makes a decision based on characteristics of the person talking [here, a witness] and based on what story is being assembled; gives a courtroom version of everyday phenomena)

Clifford, George , The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature. and Art Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA 1988. (Has a chapter on a Mashpee Indian land claims case that conveys the idea of negotiated status, which is what an "expert" gets)

Colson, Elizabeth , "Tranquility for the Decisionmaker" in Cultural Illness and Health, L. Nader and T. Maretzky, eds. American Anthropological Association, Washington, DC, 1973 , pp. 89-96. (Short piece that says that in the face of uncertainty, people become comfortable with a decision when they are comfortable with a decisionmaking process; uses example of Gwembe Tonga of east central Africa)

Delillo, Don, White Noise. Viking, New York, 1985. (A satirical novel about a toxic waste spill and a fear-of-death drug, Dylar; deals with modern attitudes toward technical information)

Douglas, Mary , " Environments at Risk" in Science in Context: Readings in the Sociology of Science," Barry Barnes and David Edge, eds. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1982, pp. 260-275. (Discusses in general terms the role of specialists in characterizing environmental problems in light of a human desire in a variety of societies to believe in a rule-obeying universe)

Evans-Pritchard, E.E. , Witchcraft. Oracles and Magic Among the Azande (abridged and with an introduction by Eva Gillies Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1976 (1937).

(Classic piece on practices of specialists [witch-doctors] in a traditional African society) Glaser, Barney G. , The Patsy and the Subcontractor: A Study of the Expert-Layman Relationship The Sociology Press , Mill Valley, CA, 1972. (Discusses the negotiations between trades workers and the home-builder who contracts with them in construction work; everyday, specialist-client relationships)

Gluckman, Max, ed., The Allocation of Responsibility. Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1972. (A series of essays on one of the core issues in decisionmaking; distribution of responsibility is a key factor in the negotiation of a specialist-client relationship)

Hawkins, Keith , Environment and Enforcement: Regulation and the Social Definition of Pollution Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1984. (A clear and insightful description of technical decisionmaking in the daily practice of environmental regulation in England)

Horton, Robin , "African Traditional Thought and Western Science: Part I - From Tradition to Science," Africa XXXVII (1), 50-71.

"Part II - The 'Closed' and 'Open' Predicaments," Africa XXXVII(2), 155-187 (1967). (A classic piece comparing modem and traditional styles of dealing with the physical world)

Hughes, Everett C. , Men and Their Work The Free Press, Glencoe, IL 1958. (Sociology of work by one of the best; insightful comments on why people act the way that they do in the workplace; comments on issues of status and the meaning of mistakes)

Ibsen, Henrik , An Enemy of the People, Oxford University Press , Oxford, 1988. (A play about a doctor finding pollution in a spa that is a town's tourist attraction; addresses issues of the role of interests in acceptance or denial of a specialist's opinion)

Lan, David , Guns and Rain: Guerillas and Spirit Mediums in Zimbabwe University of California Press, Berkeley, CA, 1985. (Sophisticated analysis of the interplay of a traditional style of specialization and a political movement; parallels could be drawn to modern, U.S. society)

Luhrmann, T.M. , Persuasions of the Witch's Craft: Ritual Magic in Contemporary England. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, 1989. (Recommended as an insightful look at nonscientific practices in modem settings; examine to see how a witch gains authority vis a vis clients in a scientific society)

Marwick, Max, editor, Witchcraft and Sorcery: Selected Readings (2nd edition). Viking Penguin, Inc. , New York, 1982. A collection of readings on witchcraft and the social role of witchcraft, a nonscientific form of specialization)

Meehan, Richard L. , The Atom and the Fault: Experts, Earthquakes. and Nuclear Power MIT Press, Cambridge, 1984. (A case study of decisionmaking under uncertainty involving different kinds of specialists in the siting of a nuclear power plant; relies on participants' stories)

Mitchell, J. Clyde , The Kalela Dance: Aspects of Social Relationships among Urban Africans in Northern Rhodesia The Rhodes-Livingstone Institute (by Manchester University Press), Manchester , 1959 (1956).

Park, George , "Divination and Its Social Contexts," The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland 93, I, 195-209 (1963).

(A classic piece on the social function of decisionmaking rituals)

Philips, Susan U. , "On the Use of WH Questions in American Courtroom Discourse: A Study of the Relation Between Language Form and Language Function," in Power Through Discourse, Leah Kedar, ed. Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ, 1987, pp.83-111. (Analysis of how the way that a question is phrased is a reflection of an individual's authority; for example, yes/no questions restrict a responder's reply)

Riemer, Jeffrey W. , "'Mistakes at Work:' The Social Organization of Error in Building Construction Work," Social Problems 23, 255-267 (1976). (One of the few pieces focusing on mistakes as a routine part of every day activity by specialists)

Strathern, Marilyn , "The Village as an Idea: Constructs of Village-ness in Elmdon, Essex" in Belonging: Identity and Social Organisation in British Rural Cultures. Social and Economic Papers No. 11, Anthony P. Cohen, editor. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, 1982, pp. 247-277. (An insightful piece on the nature of a negotiated status; the village described here provides an analogy to the toxic waste arena, for example)

Tolstoy, Leo , "The Death of Ivan Ilyich," in Father Sergius and Other Stories Raduga Publishers, Moscow, 1988 . (A witty and telling short story of a bureaucrat dying of an unknown ailment; different doctors offer different opinions)

Van Maanen, John and Stephen R. Barley , "Occupational Communities: Culture and Control in Organizations," Research in Organizational Behavior 6, 287-365 (1984). (A thorough survey of literature in organizational studies of occupational communities; deals with the internal dynamics of an occupational group)

Vidich, A.J. and J. Bensman , Small Town in Mass Society: Class, Power and Religion in a Rural Community (revised edition Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 1968. (A well known study of what many believed was an egalitarian social unit; fleshes out the concept of community as a divided and stratified structure)

Waddell, Craig , "Reasonableness Versus Rationality in the Construction and Justification of Science Policy Decisions: The Case of the Cambridge Experimentation Review Board," Science. Technology, & Human Values 14(1), 7-25 (1989). (Looks at how publicly-made technical decisions really come about; contrasts rationality with the desire for an ex post facto appearance of rationality)

Walker, Ann Graffam , "Linguistic Manipulation, Power, and the Legal Setting" in Power Through Discourse, Leah Kedar, editor. Ablex Publishing Corp., Norwood, NJ 1987, pp. 57-80. (An analysis of language and power in the status hierarchy of legal interchanges; discusses how a lawyer exerts authority linguistically to control a witness; compare and contrast this forum with other specialist-client interaction; is the lawyer the specialist or is the witness?)