This paper introduces the basic principles and techniques of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and spectroscopy (MRS). Examples are given of single event human fMRI studies on control subjects, and a graded activation protocol applied to Parkinsonian patients. Possibilities are discussed for using fMRI techniques to study the neural substrate of various pharmacological agents, including drugs of abuse.The application of these pharmacological MRI (phMRI) studies to animal models and the associated technical issues are also addressed. The use of MRS in studying brain status and function is reviewed, with particular emphasis on 13C isotopic labelling studies.
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