The treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Abraham C.R. (1989) Potential roles of protease inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 10: 463-465

Abraham C.R. , Selkoe D.J. , Potter H. (1989) Immunochemical identification of the serine protease inhibitor alpha 1-antichymotrypsin in the brain amyloid deposits of Alzheimer's disease. Cell 52: 487-501

Adlersberg M. , Liu K.P. , Hsiung S.C. , Ehrlich Y. , Tamir H. (1987) A Ca2+ -dependent protein kinase activity associated with serotonin binding protein. J Neurochem 49: 1105-1115

Adolfsson R. , Gottfries C.G. , Oreland L. , Wiberg A. , Winblad B. (1980) Increased activity of brain and platelet monoamine oxidase in dementia of Alzheimer type. Life Sci 27: 1029-1034

Agnati L.F. , Benfenati F. , Battistini N. , Cavicchioli L. , Fuxe K. , Toffano G. (1983) Selective modulation of 3H-spiperone labelled 5-HT receptors by subchronic treatment with the ganglioside GM1 in the rat. Acta Physiol Scand 117: 311-314

Alexopoulos G.S. , Lieberman K.W. , Young R.C. (1984) Platelet MAO activity in primary degenerative dementia . Am J Psychiatr 141: 97-99

Allen S.J. , MacGowan S H. , Treanorn J.S. , Feeneyk R. , Wilcock G.K. , Dawbarn D. (1991) Normal NGF content in Alzheimer's disease cerebral cortex and hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 131: 135-139

Alzheimer A. (1907) Uber eine eigenartige Erkrankung der Hirnrinde . Allg Z Psychiatr Psych-Gerichtlich Med 64: 146-148

Alzheimer A. (1911) Uber eigenartige Krankheitsfalle des spateren Alters . Z Gesamte Neurol Psychiatr 4: 356-385

Alzheimer Disease Society Report (1992) Caring for dementia: today and tomorrow. Alzheimer's Disease Society, London

Anderson J.P. , Esch F.S. , Keim P.S. , Sambamurti K. , Lieberburg I. , Robakis K. (1991) Exact cleavage site of Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein in neuronal PC12 cells. Neurosci Lett 128: 126-128

Autilio G.L. , Morandi A. , Tabaton M. , Schaetzle B. , Kovaks D. , Perry G. , Sharma S. , Cornette J. , Greenberg B. , Gambetti P. (1988) The amyloid precursor protein of Alzheimer's disease is expressed as a 130 kDa polypeptide in various cultured cell types. [Published erratum appears in FEBS Lett 1989 Feb 27: 244(2) 509] FEBS Lett 241: 94-98

Barnes J.M. , Costall B. , Coughlan J. , Domeney A.M. , Gerrard P.A. , Kelly M.E. , Naylor R.J. , Onaivi E.S. , Tomkins D.M. , Tyres M.B. (1990) The effects of ondansetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, on cognition in rodents and primate. Pharmacol, Biochem Behav 35: 955-962

Bartus R.T. (1979) Physostigmine and recent memory: effects in young and aged nonhuman primates. Science 206: 1087-1089

Beard C.M. , Kokman E. , Kurland L.T. (1991) Rheumatoid arthritis and susceptibility to Alzheimer's disease (letter). Lancet 335: 1037

Becker R. , Giacobini E. , Elble R. , McIlhany M. , Sherman K. (1988) Potential pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer disease. A comparison of various forms of physostigmine administration. Acta Neurol Scand 116 (Suppl): 19-32

Beller S.A. , Overall J.E. , Swann A.C. (1985) Efficacy of oral physostigmine in primary degenerative dementia. A double-blind study of response to different dose level. Psychopharmacol Berl 87: 147-151

Beller S.A. , Overall J.E. , Rhoades H.M. , Swann A.C. (1988) Long-term outpatient treatment of senile dementia with oral physostigmine. J Clin Psychiatr 49: 400-404

Benowitz L.I. , Rodriguez W. , Paskevich P. , Mufson E.J. , Schenk D. , Neve R.L. (1989) The amyloid precursor protein is concentrated in neuronal lysosomes in normal and Alzheimer disease subjects. Exp Neurol 106: 237-250

Berkemeier L.R. , Winslow J.W. , Kaplan D.R. , Nikolics K. , Goeddel D.V. , Rosenthal A. (1991) Neurotrophin-5: a novel neurotrophic factor that activates trk and trkB. Neuron 7: 857-866

Boller F. , Lopez O. , Moossy J. (1989) Diagnosis of dementia: Clinicopathologic correlations . Neurology 39: 76-79

Bondareff W. , Mountjoy C.Q. , Wischik C.M. , Hauser D.L. , LaBree L D. , Roth M. ( 1993) Evidence of subtypes of Alzheimer's disease and implications for etiology. Arch Gen Psychiatr 50: 350-356

Bonner T.I. , Buckley N.J. , Young A.C. , Brann M.R. (1987) Identification of a family of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor genes. Science 237: 527-532

Bowen D.M. (1990) Treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Molecular pathology vs. neurotransmitter based therapy. Br J Psychiatr 157: 327-330

Bowen D.M. , Smith C.B. , White P. , Davison A.N. (1976) Neurotransmitter-related enzymes and indices of hypoxia in senile dementia and other abiotrophies. Brain 99: 495-496

Bowen D.M. , Allen S.J. , Benton J.S. (1983) Biochemical assessment of serotonergic and cholinergic dysfunction and cerebral atrophy in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurochem 41: 266-272

Bowen D.M. (1990) Treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Molecular pathology vs. neurotransmitter based therapy. Br J Psychiatr 157: 327-330

Brinkman S.D. , Smith R.C. , Meyer J.S. , Vroulis G. , Shaw T. , Gordon J.R. , Allen R.H. (1982a) Lecithin and memory training in suspected Alzheimer's disease. J Gerontol 37: 4-9

Brinkman S.D. , Pomara N. , Goodnick P.J. , Barnett N. , Domino E.F. (1982b) A dose-ranging study of lecithin in the treatment of primary degenerative dementia (Alzheimer disease) J Clin Psychopharmacol 2: 281-285

Bruno G. , Mohr E. , Gillespie M. , Fedio P. , Chase T.N. (1986) Muscarinic agonist therapy of Alzheimer's disease. A clinical trial of RS 86. Arch Neurol 43: 659-661

Burke W.J. , Ranno A.E. , Roccaforte W.H. , Wengel S.P. , Bayer B.L. , Willcockson N.K. (1993) L-deprenyl in the treatment of mild dementia of the Alzheimer type: preliminary results. J Am Geriatr Soc 41: 367-370

Burns A. , Jacoby R. , Levy R. ( 1990a) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. I: Disorders of thought content. Br J Psychiatr 157: 72-76

Burns A. , Jacoby R. , Levy R. ( 1990b) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. II: Disorders of perception. Br J Psychiatr 157: 76-81

Burns A. , Jacoby R. , Levy R. ( 1990c) Psychiatric phenomena in Alzheimer's disease. III: Disorders of mood. Br J Psychiatr 157: 81-86

Burns A. , Luthert P. , Levy R. , Jacoby R. , Lantos P. (1990) Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease . Br Med J 301: 1026

Buxbaum J.D. , Gandy S.E. , Cicchetti P. , Ehrlich M.E. , Czernik A.J. , Fracasso R.P. , Ramabhadran T.V. , Unterbeck A.J. , Greengard P. (1990) Processing of Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid precursor protein: modulation by agents that regulate protein phosphorylation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 6003-6006

Caine E.D. (1980) Cholinomimetic treatment fails to improve memory disorders (Letter). N Engl J Med 303: 585-586

Calvani M. , Carta A. , Caruso G. , Benedetti N. , Iannuccelli M. (1992) Action of acetyl-L-carnitine in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Ann NY Acad Sci 663: 483-486

Canter N.L. , Hallett M. , Growdon J.H. (1982) Lecithin does not affect EEG spectral analysis or P300 in Alzheimer disease. Neurology 32: 1260-1266

Caporaso G.L. , Gandy S.E. , Buxbaum J.D. , Ramabhadran T.V. , Greengard P. (1992) Protein phosphorylation regulates secretion of Alzheimer β/A4 amyloid precursor protein. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3055-3059

Caputo C.B. , Salama A.I. (1989) The amyloid proteins of Alzheimer's disease as potential targets for drug therapy. Neurobiol Aging 10: 451-461

Cataldo A.M. , Paskevich P.A. , Kominami E. , Nixon R.A. (1991) Lysosomal hydrolases of different classes are abnormally distributed in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10998-11002

Chang T M S , Barre P. (1983) Effect of desferrioxamine on removal of aluminium and iron by coated charcoal haemoperfusion and haemodialysis. Lancet ii: 1051-1053

Chatellier G. , Lacomblez L. on behalf of Groupe Francais d'Etude de la Tetrahydroamino acridine (1990) Tacrine (tetrahydroaminoacridine : THA) and lecithin in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type: a multicenter trial. Br Med J 300: 495-499

Christie J.E. , Shering A. , Ferguson J. , Glen A.I. (1981) Physostigmine and arecoline: effects of intravenous infusion in Alzheimer presenile dementia. Br J Psychiatr 138: 46-50

Chui H.C. , Teng E.L. , Henderson V.W. , Moy A.C. (1985) Clinical subtypes of dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurology 35: 1544-1550

Copani A. , Genazzani A.A. , Aleppo G. , Casabona G. , Canonico P.L. , Scapagnini U. , Nicoletti F. (1992) Nootropic drugs positively modulate alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionic acid-sensitive glutamate receptors in neuronal cultures. J Neurochem 58: 1199-1204

Coyle J.T. , Price D T R , DeLong M R. (1983) Alzheimer's disease: a disorder of cortical cholinergic innervation. Science 219: 1184-1190

Crapper D.R. , Quittkat S. , Krishnan S.S. , Dalton A.J. , DeBoni U. (1980) Intranuclear aluminium content in Alzheimer's disease, dialysis encephalopathy, and experimental aluminium encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 50: 19-24

Cutler N.R. , Haxby J. , Narang P.K. , May C. , Burg C. , Reines S.A. (1985) Evaluation of an analogue of somatostatin (L363,586) in Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 312: 725

Cutler N.R. , Murphy N.F. , Nash R.J. , Prior P.L. , DeLuma D M. (1990) Clinical safety, tolerance, and plasma levels of the oral anticholinesterase 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-9-aminoacridin-1-ol-maleate (HP029) in Alzheimer's disease: preliminary findings. J Clin Pharmacol 30: 556-561

Da Prada M. , Kettler R. , Keller H.H. , Burkhard W. , Muggi-Maniglio D. , Haefely W.E. (1989) Neurochemical profile of moclobemide, a short-acting and reversible inhibitor of monoamine oxidase type A. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 248: 400-414

Dale S. ( 1988) Stroke. Office of Health Economics , London.

Davies B. , Andrewes D. , Stargatt R. , Ames D. , Tuckwell V. , Davis S. (1989) Tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 2: 163-164

Davies P. , Maloney A J F (1976) Selective loss of central cholinergic neurons in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet ii: 1403

Davis K.L. , Mohs R.C. (1986) Cholinergic drugs in Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 315: 1286-1287

Davis K.L. , Hollander E. , Davidson M. , Davis B.M. , Mohs R.C. , Horvath T.B. (1987) Induction of depression with oxotremorine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatr 144: 468-470

Davis K.L. , Thal L.J. , Gamzu E.R. , Davis C.S. , Woolson R.F. , Gracon S.I. , Drachman D.A. , Schneider L.S. , Whitehouse P.J. , Hoover T.M. , Morris J.C. , Kawas C.H. , Knopman D.S. , Earl N.L. , Kumar V. , Doody R.S. and the Tacrine collaborative study group (1992) A double-blind placebo-controlled multicenter study of tacrine. N Engl J Med 327: 1253-1259

Davis R.E. , Emmerling M.R. , Jaen J.C. , Moos W.H. , Spiegel K. (1993) Therapeutic intervention in dementia. Crit Rev Neurobiol 7: 41-83

Davous P. , Lamour Y. (1985) Bethanecol decreases reaction time in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatr 48: 1297-1299

Dawbarn D. , Allen S.J. , Semenenko F.M. (1988) Coexistence of choline acetyltransferase and B-nerve growth factor receptors in the forebrain of the rat. Neurosci Lett 94: 138-144

de Wied D. (1976) Hormonal influences on motivation learning and memory processes. Hosp Pract January 11: 123

Domino E.F. (1988) Galanthamine: another look at an old cholinesterase inhibitor. In Giacobini E , Becker R (eds), Current research in Alzheimer's disease. Taylor and Francis, New York, pp.295-303

Drachman D.A. , Leavitt J. (1974) Human memory and the cholinergic system. A relationship to aging. Arch Neurol 30: 113-121

Eagger S. , Levy R. ( 1992) Serum levels of tacrine in relation to clinical response in Alzheimer's disease. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr 7: 115-119

Eagger S.A. , Levy R. , Sahakian B.J. (1991) Tacrine in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet 337: 989-992

Eagger S. , Morant N. , Levy R. ( 1991) A parallel group analysis of the effects of tacrine versus placebo in Alzheimer's disease. Dementia 2: 207-211

Edwardson J.A. , Candy J.M. (1989) Aluminium and the pathogenesis of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease, Down's syndrome and chronic renal dialysis. Ann Med 21: 95-97

Eikelenboom P. , Rozemuller J.M. , Kraal G. , Stam F.C. , McBride P.A. , Bruce M.E. , Fraser H. (1991) Cerebral amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease but not in scrapie affected mice are closely associated with a local inflammatory process. Virch Arch Cell Pathol 60: 329-336

Esch F.S. , Keim P.S. , Beattie E.C. , Blacher R.W. , Culwell A.R. , Oltersdorf T. , McClure D. , Ward P.J. (1990) Cleavage of amyloid peptide during constitutive processing of its precursor: Science 248: 1122-1124

Etienne P. , Gauthier S. , Johnson G. , Collier B. , Mendis T. , Dastoor D. , Cole M. , Muller H.F. (1978) Clinical effects of choline in Alzheimer's disease . Lancet 1: 508-509

Etienne P. , Dastoor D. , Gauthier S. , Ludwick R. , Collier B. (1981) Alzheimer disease: lack of effect of lecithin treatment for 3 months. Neurology 31: 1552-1554

Farlow M. , Gracon S.I. , Hershey L.A. , Lewis K.W. , Sadowsky C.H. , Dolan-Ureno J. (1992) A controlled trial of tacrine in Alzheimer's disease . J Am Med Assoc 268: 2523-2529

Finali G. , Piccirilli M. , Oliani C. , Piccinin G.L. (1991) L-deprenyl therapy improves verbal memory in amnesic Alzheimer patients. Clin Neuropharmacol 14: 523-536

Florian A. , Casamenti F. , Pepeu G. (1987) Recovery of cortical acetyl choline output after ganglioside treatment in rats with lesion of the nucleus basilis. Neurosci Lett 75: 313-316

Frautschy S.A. , Baird A. , Cole G.M. (1991) Effects of injected Alzheimer β-amyloid cores in rat brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8362-8366

Fries J.F. (1989) The compression of morbidity: near or far? Millbank Mess Fund 67: 208-232

Fritz I.B. (1963) Carnitine and its role in fatty acid metabolism . Adv Lipid Res 1: 285-334

Funk K.F. , Schmidt J. (1984) Changes of dopamine metabolism by hypoxia and effect of nootropic drugs. Biomed Biochem Acta 11: 1301-1304

Gage F.H. , Armstrong D.M. , Williams L.R. , Varon S. (1988) Morphological response of axotomised septal neurones to nerve growth factor. J Comp Neurol 269: 147-155

Garcia-Rill E. , Davies D.L. , Skinner R.D. , Biedermann J.A. , McHalffey C. (1991) Fibroblast growth factor-induced increased survival of cholinergic mesopontine neurones in culture. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 60: 267-270

Gauthier S. , Bouchard R. , Lamontagne A. , Bailey P. , Bergman H. , Ratner J. , Tesfaye Y. , Saint-Martin H. , Bacher Y. , Carrier L. (1990) Tetrahydroaminoacridine-lecithin combination treatment in patients with intermediate-stage Alzheimer's disease: results of a Canadian double-blind, crossover, multicenter study. N Engl J Med 322: 1272-1276

Gearing D.P. (1993) The leukemia inhibitory factor and its receptor . Adv Immunol 53: 31-58

Geddes J.W. , Monaghan D.T. , Cottman C.W. , Lott I.T. , Kim R.C. , Chai H.C. (1985) Plasticity of hippocampal circuitry in Alzheimer's disease. Science 230: 1179

Gillespie S.L. , Golde T.E. , Younkin S.G. (1992) Secretory processing of the Alzheimer amyloid β/A4 protein precursor is increased by protein phosphorylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 187: 1285-1290

Giurgea C.E. (1982) The nootropic concept and its prospective implications . Drug Dev Res 2: 441-446

Goad D. , Davis C. , Fuselier C. , McCormack J.R. , Olsen K.M. (1991) The use of Selegiline in Alzheimer's patients with behaviour problems. J Clin Psychiatr 52: 342-345

Golde T.E. , Estus S. , Younkin L.H. , Selkoe D.J. , Younkin S.G. (1992) Processing of the amyloid protein precursor to potentially amyloidogenic derivatives. Science 255: 728-730

Gray A. , Fenn P. ( 1993) Alzheimer's disease: the burden of the illness in England . Health Trends 25: 31-37

Green P.J. , Pines O. , Inouye M. (1986) The role of antisense RNA in gene regulation. Annu Rev Biochem 55: 569-597

Greenwald B. , Marin D. , Silverman S.M. (1986) Serotonergic treatment of screaming and banging in dementia (letter). Lancet ii: 1464-1465

Gregor V.E. , Emmerling M.E. , Lee C. , Moore C.J. (1992) The synthesis and in vitro acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibitor activity of tacrine (Cognex®) derivatives . Biomed Chem 2: 861

Griffin J. , Wyles M. (1991) Epilepsy: towards tomorrow. Office of Health Economics, London

Grothe C. , Otto D. , Unsicker K. (1989) Basic fibroblast growth factor promotes in vitro survival and cholinergic development of rat septal neurones: comparison with the effects of nerve growth factor. Neuroscience 31: 649-661

Growdon J.H. , Corkin S. , Huff F.J. , Rosen T.J. (1986) Piracetam combined with lecithin in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 7: 269-276

Guarnashelli C. , Fugazza G. , Pistarini C. (1988) Pathological brain aging: evaluation of efficacy of a pharmacological aid. Drugs Exp Clin Res 14: 715-718

Haas C. , Koo E.H. , Mellon A. , Hung A.Y. , Selkoe D.J. (1992) Targeting of cell surface β-amyloid precursor protein to lysosomes: alternative processing into amyloid-bearing fragments . Nature 357: 500-503

Hagg T. , Manthorpe M. , Vahlsing H.L. , Varon S. (1988) Delayed treatment with nerve growth factor reverses the apparent loss of cholinergic neurones after acute brain damage. Exp Neurol 101: 303-312

Harbaugh R.E. , Reeder T.M. , Senter H.J. , Knopman D.S. , Baskin D.S. , Pirozzolo F. , Chui H.C. , Shetter A.G. , Bakay R.A. , Leblanc R. , Watson R.T. , De Kosky S.T. , Schmitt F.A. , Read S.L. , Johnston J.T. (1989) Intracerebroventricular bethanecol chloride infusion in Alzheimer's disease. Results of a collaborative double-blind study. J Neurosurg 71: 481-486

Hardy J. , Allsop D. (1991) Amyloid deposition as the central event in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 12: 383-388

Hardy J.A. , Higgins G.A. (1992) Alzheimer's disease: the amyloid cascade hypothesis . Science 256: 184-185

Harrell L.E. , Callaway R. , Morere D. , Falgout J. (1990) The effect of long-term physostigmine administration in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 40: 1350-1354

Hartikka J. , Hefti F. (1988) Development of septal cholinergic neurones in culture: plating density and glial cells modulate effects of NGF on survival, fiber growth, and expression of transmitter-specific enzymes. J Neurosci 8: 2967-2985

Hatanaka H. , Tsukui H. , Nihonmatsu I. (1988) Developmental change in the nerve growth factor action from induction of choline acetyltransferase to promotion of cell survival in cultured basal forebrain cholinergic neurones from postnatal rats. Dev Brain Res 39: 85

Hefti F. (1986) Nerve growth factor (NGF) promotes survival of septal cholinergic neurones after fimbrial transections. J Neurosci 6: 2155-2162

Hefti F. , Hartikka J. , Eckenstein F. , Gnahn H. , Heumann R. , Schwab M. (1985) Nerve growth factor (NGF) increases choline acetyltransferase but no survival or fiber outgrowth of cultured fetal septal cholinergic neurons . Neuroscience 14: 55-68

Hollander E. , Mohs R.C. , Davis K.L. (1986) Cholinergic approaches to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Br Med Bull 42: 97-100

Hollander E. , Davison M. , Mohs R.C. , Horvath T.B. , Davis B.M. , Zemishlany Z. , Davis K.L. (1987) RS 86 in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease; cognitive and biological effects. Biol Psychiatr 22: 1067-1078

Hyman C. , Hofer M. , Barde Y.A. , Juhasz M. , Yancopoulos G.D. , Squinto S.P. , Lindsay R.M. (1991) BDNF is a neurotrophic factor for dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra. Nature 350: 230-232

Imperato A. , Ramacci M.T. , Angelucci L. (1989) Acetyl-L-carnitine enhances acetylcholine release in the striatum and hippocampus of awake freely moving rats. Neurosci Lett 107: 251-255

Ip N.Y. , Yancopolous G.D. (1992) Ciliary neurotrophic factor and its receptor complex . Prog Growth Factor Res 4: 139-155

Isaacson J.S. , Nicoll R.A. (1991) Aniracetam reduces glutamate receptor desensitization and slows decay of fast excitatory synaptic currents in the hippocampus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 10936-10940

Ito I. , Tanabe S. , Kohda A. , Sugiyama H. (1990) Allosteric potentiation of quisqualate receptors by a nootropic drug aniracetam. J Physiol 424: 533-543

Janiri L. , Tempesta E. (1983) A pharmacological profile of the effects of carnitine and acetyl carnitine on the central nervous system. Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 3: 295-306

Jenike M. (1986) Use of MAOI for demented depressed patients (letter) . Am J Psychiatr 143: 254-255

Jenike M.A. , Albert M.S. , Baer L. ( 1990) Oral physostigmine as treatment for dementia of the Alzheimer type: a long-term outpatient trial. Alzheimer's Dis Assoc Disord 4: 226-231

Jenkinson M.L. , Bliss M.R. , Brain A.T. , Scott D.L. (1989) Rheumatoid arthritis and senile dementia of the Alzheimer's type. Br J Rheumatol 26: 86-88

Jotkowitz S. (1983) Lack of clinical efficacy of chronic oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 14: 690-691

Kaneko S. , Sugimura M. , Inoue T. , Satoh M. (1991) Effects of several cerebroprotective drugs on NMDA channel function: evaluation using Xenopus oocytes and [3H] MK-801 binding. Eur J Pharmacol 207: 119-128

Kang J. , Lemaire H.G. , Unterbeck A. , Salbaum J.M. , Masters C.L. , Grzeschik K.H. , Multhaup G. , Beyreuther K. , Muller-Hill B. (1987) The precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid A4 resembles a cell-surface receptor. Nature 325: 733-736

Kaye W.H. , Sitaram N. , Weingartner H. , Ebert M.H. , Smallberg S. , Gillin J.C. (1982) Modest facilitation of memory in dementia with combined lecithin and anticholinesterase treatment. Biol Psychiatr 17: 275-280

Kennedy A.M. , Newman S. , McCaddon A. , Ball J. , Roques P. , Mullan M. , Hardy J. , Chartier-Harlin M.C. , Frackowiak R S J , Warrington E.K. , Rossor M.N. (1993) Familial Alzheimer's disease. Brain 116: 309-324

Khokha R. , Denhardt D.T. (1987) On the use of anti-sense RNA: down regulation of mRNA encoding a metallo-protease inhibitor. Anticancer Res 7: 653-660

Kitaguchi N. , Takahishi Y. , Tokushima Y. , Shiojiri S. , Ito H. ( 1988) Novel precursor of Alzheimer's disease amyloid protein shows protease inhibitor activity. Nature 331: 530-532

Klagsbrun M. (1989) The fibroblast growth factor family: structural and biological properties. Prog Growth Factor Res 1: 207-235

Ko L.W. , Sheu K.F. , Blass J.P. (1991) Immunohistochemical colocalization of amyloid precursor protein with cerebrovascular amyloid of Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 139: 523-533

Koh J.Y. , Yang L.L. , Cotman C.W. (1990) B-amyloid protein increases the vulnerability of culture cortical neurones to excitoxic damage. Brain Res 533: 315-320

Koliatsos V.E. , Clatterbuck R.E. , Nauta H.J. , Knusel B. , Burton L.E. , Hefti F.F. , Mobley W.C. , Price D.L. (1991) Human nerve growth factor prevents degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons in primates. Ann Neurol 30: 831-840

Koo E.H. , Sisodia S.S. , Cork L.C. , Unterbeck A. , Bayney R.M. , Price D.L. (1990) Differential expression of amyloid precursor protein mRNAs in cases of Alzheimer's disease and in aged non-human primates. Neuron 4: 97-104

Koob G.F. , Dantzer R. , Rodriguez F. , Bloom F.E. , Le Moal M. (1984) Osmotic stress mimics effects of vasopressin on learned behaviour. Neurosci Abstr 10: 169

Kopelman M.D. (1985) Multiple memory deficits in Alzheimer-type dementia: implications for pharmacotherapy. Psychol Med 15: 527-541

Kopelman M.D. , Lishman W.A. (1986) Pharmacological treatments of dementia (non-cholinergic) Br Med Bull 42: 101-105

Kowall N.W. , Beal M.F. , Busciglio J. , Duffy L.K. , Yankner B.A. (1991) An in vivo model for the neurodegenerative effects of amyloid and protection by substance P. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 7247-7251

Kozlowski M.R. , Spanoyannis A. , Manly S.P. , Fidel S.A. , Neve R.L. (1992) The neurotoxic carboxy-terminal fragment of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor binds specifically to a neuronal cell surface molecule: pH dependence of the neurotoxicity and the binding. J Neurosci 12: 1679-1687

Kragh-Sorensen P. , Bang Olsen R. , Lund S. , Steffensen K. (1985) The use of neuropeptides in AD/SDAT. In Gottfries C G (ed.) Normal aging, Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia. Aspects on etiology, pathology, diagnosis and treatment. Proceedings of the 2nd symposia held at CINP 14th Congress, June 22-23 1984 Florence Italy, L'Universite de Bruxelles, pp. 291-298

Kragh-Sorensen P. , Olsen R.B. , Lund S. , Van Riezen H. , Steffensen K. (1986) Neuropeptides: ACTH-peptides in dementia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 10: 479-492

Kromer L.F. (1987) Nerve growth factor treatment after brain injury prevents neuronal death. Science 235: 214-216

Laing W. , Williams R. (1989) Diabetes: a model for health care management. Office of Health Economics, London

Lawlor B.A. , Sunderland T. , Mellow A.M. , Molchan S.E. , Martinez R. , Murphy D.L. (1991) A pilot placebo-controlled study of chronic mCPP administration in Alzheimer's disease. Biol Psychiatr 30: 140-144

Lee V.M. , Balin B.J. , Otvos L. , Trojanowski J.Q. (1991) A68: a major subunit of paired helical filaments and derivatized forms of normal tau. Science 251: 675-678

Leibrock J. , Lottspeich F. , Hohn A. , Hofer M. , Hengerer B. , Masiakowski P. , Thoenen H. , Barde Y.A. (1989) Molecular cloning and expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Nature 341: 149-152

Levi-Montalcini R. (1987) The nerve growth factor: thirty-five years later . EMBO J 6: 1145-1154

Levin H.S. , Peters B.H. (1984) Long-term administration of oral physostigmine and lecithin improve memory in Alzheimer's disease (Letter). Ann Neurol 15: 210

Levy R. ( 1978) Choline in Alzheimer's disease. Lancet ii: 944-945

Little A. , Levy R. , Chuaqui K.P. , Hand D. ( 1985) A double-blind, placebo controlled trial of high-dose lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatr 48: 736-742

Livingston G.A. , Sax K.B. , McClenahan Z. , Blumenthal E. , Foley K. , Willison J. , Mann A.H. , James I.M. (1991) Acetyl-L-carnitine in dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatr 6: 853-860

Maisonpierre P.C. , Belluscio L. , Squinto S. , Ip N.Y. , Furth M.E. , Lindsay R.M. , Yankopoulos G.D. (1990) Neurotrophin-3: a neurotrophic factor related to NGF and BDNF. Science 247: 1446-1451

Mann A.H. , Livingston G. , Boothby H. , Blizard R. (1992) The Gospel Oak study: the prevalence and incidence of dementia in an inner city area of London. Neuroepidemiology 11 (suppl): 76-79

Mantero M.A. , Barero M. , Giannini R. , Grosso V.G. , Tominasa C. , Iannuccelli M. (1989) Acetyl-L-carnitine as a therapeutic agent for mental deterioration in geriatric patients (double-blind controlled versus placebo study). Clin Neuropharmacol 3: 17-24

Martin E. , Wilson R. , Penn R. ( 1987) Cortical biopsy results in Alzheimer's disease: correlation with cognitive defects. Neurology 37: 1201-1204

Martin L.J. , Sisodia S.S. , Koo E.H. , Cork L.C. , Dellovade T.L. , Weidermann A. , Beyreuther K. , Masters C. , Price D.L. (1991) Amyloid precursor protein in aged non-human primates . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 1461-1465

Martin P.R. , Ebert M.H. , Gordon E.K. , Kopin I.J. (1983) Urinary catecholamine metabolites and effects of clonidine in patients with alcohol amnesic disorder. Clin Pharmacol Ther 33: 19-27

Martinez H.J. , Dreyfus C.F. , Jonakait G.M. , Black I.B. (1987) Nerve growth factor selectively increases cholinergic markers but not neuropeptides in rat basal forebrain in culture. Brain Res 412: 295-301

Mash D. , Flynn D. , Potter L. (1985) Loss of M2 muscarinic receptors in the cerebral cortex in Alzheimer's disease and experimental cholinergic denervation. Science 228: 1115-1117

Mayeux R. , Stern Y. , Spanton S. (1985) Heterogeneity in dementia of the Alzheimer type: evidence of subgroups. Neurology 35: 453-461

McGeer P.L. , Rogers J. (1992) Anti-inflammatory agents as a therapeutic approach to Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 42: 447-449

McGeer P.L. , McGeer E. , Rogers J. , Sibley J. (1990) Anti-inflammatory drugs and Alzheimer's disease . Lancet 335: 1037

McKhann G. , Drachman D. , Folstein M. , Katzman R. , Price D. , Stadian E. (1984) Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS/ADRDA workgroup under the auspices of the Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 34: 939-944

Meakin S.O. , Shooter E.M. (1992) The nerve growth factor family of receptors. Trends Neurol Sci 15: 323-331

Meltzer D. , Hopkins S. , Pencheon D. , Brayne C. , Williams R. (1992) Dementia. Epidemiology Based Needs Assessment; Report 5. Department of Health, London

Mohs R.C. , Davis B.M. , Johns C.A. , Mathe A.A. , Greenwald B.S. , Horvath T.B. , Davis K.L. (1985a) Oral physostigmine treatment of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatr 142: 28-33

Mohs R.C. , Davis B.M. , Greenwald B.S. , Mathe A.A. , Johns C.A. , Horvath T.B. , Davis K.L. (1985b) Clinical studies of the cholinergic deficit in Alzheimer's disease: II Psychopharmacologic studies. J Am Geriatr Soc 33: 749-757

Moriearty P.L. , Womack C.L. , Dick B.W. , Colliver J.A. , Robbs R.S. , Becker R.E. (1991) Stability of peripheral hematological parameters after chronic acetylcholinesterase inhibition in man. Am J Hematol 37: 280-282

Morris J.C. , McKeel D.W. , Fulling K. , Torack R.M. , Berg L. ( 1987) Validation of clinical diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 24: 17-22

Mouradian M.M. , Mohr E. , Williams J.A. , Chase T.N. (1988) No response to high-dose muscarinic agonist therapy in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 38: 606-608

Mukaetova-Ladinska E.B. , Harrington C.R. , Hills R. , O'Sullivan A. , Roth M. , Wischik C.M. (1991) Regional distribution of paired helical filaments and normal tau proteins in aging and in Alzheimer's disease, with and without occipital lobe involvement. Dementia 3: 61-69

Mukaetova-Ladinska E.B. , Harrington C.R. , Roth M. , Wischik C.M. (1993) Biochemical and anatomical redistribution of tau protein in Alzheimer's disease. Am J Pathol 143: 565-578

Murphy M. (1992) The molecular pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: clinical prospects. Lancet 340: 1512-1515

Nappi G. , Martignoni E. , Sinforiani E. , Faccinetti F. , Genazzani A.R. (1988) Acetyl-L-carnitine normalizes pituitary-adrenocortical hyperactivity in pathological ageing brain. Med Sci Res 16: 291-292

Neve R.L. , Kammersheidt A. , Hohman C.F. (1992) Brain transplants of cells expressing the carboxy-terminal fragment of the Alzheimer amyloid precursor cause specific neuropathology in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 3448-3452

Nieto A. , Montejo de Garcini E. , Correas I. , Avila J. (1990) Characterization of tau protein present in microtubules and paired helical filaments of Alzheimer's disease patients brains. Neuroscience 37: 163-170

Office of Population Censuses and Surveys ( 1991) 1989-based sub-national population projections. HMSO, London

Olsen L. , Norberg A. , von Holst H. , Backman L. , Ebendal T. , Alafuzoff I. , Amberla K. , Hartvig P. , Lilja A. , Lundqvist H. , Langstrom B. , Meyerson B. (1992) Nerve growth factor affects 11C-nicotine binding, bloodflow, EEG, and verbal episodic memory in an Alzheimer patient (Case report). J Neural Transm 4: 79-95

Oltersdorf T. , Fritz L.C. , Schenk D.B. , Lieberburg I. , Johnson-Wood K.L. , Beattie E.C. , Ward P.J. , Blacher R.W. , Dovey H.F. , Sinha S. (1989) The secreted form of the Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein with the Kunitz domain is protease nexin II. Nature 341: 144-147

Oltersdorf T. , Ward P.J. , Hendriksson T. , Beattie E.C. , Neve R. , Lieberburg I. , Fritz L.C. (1990) The Alzheimer amyloid precursor protein. Identification of a stable intermediate in the biosynthetic/ degradative pathway. J Biol Chem 265: 4492-4497

Op Den Velde W. , Stam F.C. (1976) Some cerebral proteins and enzyme systems in Alzheimer's presenile and senile dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 24: 12-16

Ozawa S. , Iino M. , Abe M. ( 1991) Excitatory synapse in the rat hippocampus in tissue culture and effects of aniracetam. Neurosci Res 12: 72-82

Partanen J.V. , Soininen H. , Riekkinen P.J. (1986) Does an ACTH derivative (Org 2766) prevent deterioration of EEG in Alzheimer's disease? Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 63: 547-551

Passeri M. , Iannuccelli M. , Ciotti G. , Bonatti P. , Nolfe G. , Cucinotta D. (1988) Mental impairment in aging: selection of patients, methods of evaluation and therapeutic possibilities of acetyl-L-carnitine . Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 8: 367-376

Peabody C.A. , Thiemann S. , Pigache R. , Miller T.P. , Berger P.A. , Yesavage J. , Tinklenberg J.R. (1985) Desglycinamide-9-arginine-8-vasopressin (DGAVP, Organon 5667) in patients with dementia. Neurobiol Aging 6: 95-100

Peabody C.A. , Davies H. , Berger P.A. , Tinklenberg J.R. (1988) Desamino-D-arginine-vasopressin (DDAVP) in Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 7: 301-303

Pearce B.D. , Potter L.T. (1991) Coupling of m1 muscarinic receptors to G-proteins in Alzheimer's disease. Alzheimer's Dis Assoc Disord 5: 163-172

Penn R. , Martin E. , Wilson R. , Fox J. , Savoy S. (1988) Intraventricular bethanecol infusion for Alzheimer's disease: results of a doubleblind study and escalating dose trials. Neurology 38: 219-222

Perry E. (1986) The cholinergic hypothesis—ten years on. Br Med Bull 42: 63-69

Perry E.K. , Perry R.H. , Blessed G. , Tomlinson B.E. (1977) Necropsy evidence of central cholinergic deficits in senile dementia (letter). Lancet 1: 189

Perry E.K. , Tomlinson B.E. , Blessed G. , Bergmann K. , Gibson G.H. , Perry R.H. (1978) Correlation of cholinergic abnormalities with senile plaques and mental test scores in senile dementia. Br Med J ii: 1457-1459

Perry G. , Friedman R. , Shaw G. , Chau V. ( 1987) Ublquitin is detected in neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaque neurites of Alzheimer's disease brains. Prac Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 3033-3036

Persson H. , Ibáñez C.F. (1993) Role and expression of neurotrophins and the trk family of tyrosine kinase receptors in neuronal growth and rescue after injury . Curr Opin Neurol Neurosurg 6: 11-18

Phillips H.S. , Hains J.M. , Armanini M. , Laramee G.R. , Johnson S.A. , Winslow J.W. (1991) BDNF mRNA is decreased in the hippocampus of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 7: 695-702

Pike C.J. , Walencewicz A.J. , Glabe C.G. , Cotman W. (1991) In vitro aging of β-amyloid protein causes protein aggregation and neurotoxicity. Brain Res 563: 311-314

Pomara N. , Domino E.F. , Yoon H. , Brinkman S. , Tamminga C.A. , Gershon S. (1983) Failure of single-dose lecithin to alter aspects of central cholinergic activity in Alzheimer's disease. J Clin Psychiatr 44: 293-295

Ponte P. , Gonzalez-DeWhit P. , Schilling J. , Miller J. , Hsu D. , Greenberg B. , Davis K. , Wallace W. , Lieberburg I. , Fuller F. , Cordell B. (1988) A new A4 amyloid mRNA contains a domain homologous to serine protease inhibitors. Nature 331: 525-527

Propper R. , Cooper B. , Rufo B. , Neinhuis A.W. , Anderson W.F. , Bunn H.F. , Rosenthal A. , Nathan D.G. (1977) Continuous subcutaneous administration of desferrioxamine in patients with iron overload. N Engl J Med 297: 418-423

Puri S.K. , Hsu R.S. , Ho I. , Lassman H.B. (1989a) Single dose safety, tolerance and pharmacokinetics of HP 029 in healthy young men: a potential Alzheimer agent. J Clin Pharmacol 29: 278-284

Puri S.K. , Hsu R.S. , Ho I. , Lassman H.B. (1989b) The effect of food on the bioavailability of velnacrine (HP 029) in healthy elderly men: a potential Alzheimer agent. J Clin Pharmacol 29: 956-960

Read S.L. , Frazee J. , Shapira J. , Smith C. , Cummings J.L. , Tomiyasu U. (1990) Intracerebroventricular bethanecol for Alzheimer's disease. Variable dose-related responses. Arch Neurol 47: 1025-1030

Relman A.S. (1991) Tacrine as a treatment for Alzheimer's dementia (Editors note). N Engl J Med 324: 349

Reynolds G.P. , Arnold L. , Rossoe M.N. (1984) Reduced binding of [3H] ] -ketanserin to cortical 5-HT2 receptors in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Neurosci Lett 44: 47-51

Risse S. , Raskind M. , Nochlin D. , Sumi S.M. , Lampe T.H. , Bird T.D. , Cubberley L. , Peskind E.R. (1990) Neuropathological findings in patients with clinical diagnoses of probable Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatr 147: 168-172

Rogers J. , Kirby L.C. , Hempelman S.R. , Berry D.L. , McGeer P.L. , Kaszniak A.W. , Zalinski J. , Cofield M. , Mansukhani L. , Willson P. , Kogan F. (1993) Clinical trial of indomethacin in Alzheimer's disease . Neurology 43: 1609-1611

Rosenblum W.I. , Haider A. (1988) Negative correlations between parenchymal amyloid and vascular amyloid in hippocampus. Am J Pathol 30: 532-536

Roth M. ( 1986) The association of clinical and neurobiological findings and its bearing on the classification and aetiology of Alzheimer's disease . Br Med Bull 42: 42-50

Roth M. , Tomlinson B.E. , Blessed G. (1966) Correlation between scores for dementia and counts of senile plaques in cerebral gray matter of elderly subjects. Nature 209: 109-110

Rozemuller J.M. , Eikelenboom P. , Pals S.T. , Stam F.C. (1989) Microglial cells around amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease express leukocyte adhesion molecules of the LFA-1 family. Neurosci Lett 101: 288-292

Rozemuller J.M. , Stam F.C. , Eikelenboom P. (1990) Acute phase proteins are present in amorphous plaques in the cerebral but not in the cerebellar cortex of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Neurosci Lett 119: 75-78

Saitoh T. , Sundsmo M. , Roch J. , Kimura N. , Cole G. , Schubert D. , Oltersdorf T. , Schenk D.B. (1989) Secreted form of amyloid protein precursor is involved in the growth regulation of fibroblasts. Cell 58: 615-622

Salbaum J.M. , Weidmann A. , Lemaire H.G. , Masters C.L. , Beyreuther K. (1988) The promoter of Alzheimer's disease amyloid β-A4 precursor gene. EMBO J 7: 2807-2813

Samorajski T. , Vroulis G.A. , Smith R.C. (1985) Piracetam plus lecithin trials in senile dementia of the Alzheimer type. Ann NY Acad Sci 444: 478-481

Sano M. , Bell K. , Cote L. , Dooneief G. , Lawton A. , Legler L. , Marder K. , Nairi A. , Stern Y. , Mayeux R. (1992) Double-blind parallel design pilot study of acetyl levocarnitine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol 49: 1137-1141

Sara S.J. (1980) Memory retrieval deficits: alleviation by etiracetam, a nootropic drug. Psychopharmacology 68: 235-241

Sara S.J. , David-Remacle M. , Weyers M. , Giurgea C.E. (1979) Piracetam facilitates retrieval but does not impair extinction of bar pressing in rats. Psychopharmacology 61: 71-75

Schneider L.S. (1990) Tetrahydroaminoacridine and lecithin for Alzheimer's disease. N Engl J Med 323: 919-920

Schneider L.S. , Severson J.A. , Chui H. , Pollock V.E. , Sloane R.B. (1988) Platelet tritiated imipramine binding and MAO activity in Alzheimer's patients with agitation and delusions. Psychiatr Res 25: 311-322

Schneider L.S. , Pollock V.E. , Zemansky M.F. , Gleason R.P. , Palmer R. , Sloan R.B. (1991) A pilot study of low-dose L-deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease. J Geriatr Psychiatr Neurol 4: 143-148

Schneider L.S. , Olin J.T. , Pawluczyk S. (1993) A double-blind crossover pilot study of L-deprenyl (Selegiline) combined with cholinesterase inhibitor in Alzheimer's disease . Am J Psychiatr 150: 321-323

Schoeffter P. , Hoyer D. (1989) Interaction of arylpiperazines with 5-HT1A , 5-HT1B, 5-HT1C and 5-HT1D receptors: do discriminatory 5-HT1B ligands exist? Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch Pharmacol 339: 675-683

Schwarz R.D. , Davis R.E. , Gracon S. , Hoover T. , Moos W.H. , Pavia M.R. (1991) Next generation tacrine. Neurobiol Aging 12: 185-187

Selkoe D.J. (1991) The molecular pathology of Alzheimer's disease . Neuron 6: 487-498

Seubert P. , Vigo-Pelfrey C. , Esch F. , Leeal M. , Dovey H. , Davis D. , Sinha S. , Schlossmacher M. , Whaley J. , Swindlehurst C. , McCormack R. , Wolfert R. , Selkoe D. , Lieberbung I. , Schenk D. (1992) Isolation and quantification of soluble Alzheimer's β-peptide from biological fluids. Nature 359: 325-327

Shutske G.M. , Pierrat F.A. , Cornfeldt M.L. , Szewczak M.R. , Huger F.P. , Bores G.M. , Haroutunian V. , Davis K.L. (1988) (±)-9-Amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridin-1-ol. A potential Alzheimer's disease therapeutic of low toxicity. J Med Chem 31: 1278-1279

Siegfried K. (1993) The pharmacodynamics of velnacrine: results and conclusions from clinical studies in healthy subjects and patients with Alzheimer's disease. In Wilcock G K (ed.), The management of Alzheimer's disease. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, pp. 189-201

Small G.W. (1992) Tacrine for treating Alzheimer's disease. J Am Med Assoc 268: 2564-2565

Smith C.M. , Swash M. (1978) Hypothesis—possible biochemical basis of memory disorder in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 3: 471-473

Smith R.C. , Vroulis G. , Johnson R. , Morgan R. (1984) Comparison of therapeutic response to long-term treatment with lecithin versus piracetam plus lecithin in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacol Bull 20: 542-545

Snow A.D. , Willmer J.P. , Kisilevsky R. (1987) Sulphated glycosaminoglycans in Alzheimer's disease . Hum Pathol 18: 506-510

Sonsalla P.K. , Golbe LI (1988) Deprenyl as prophylaxis against Parkinson's disease . Clin Neuropharmacol 11: 500-511

Spagnoli A. , Lucca U. , Menasce G. , Bandera L. , Cizza G. , Forloni G. , Tettamanti M. , Frattura L. , Tiraboschi P. , Comelli M. , Senin U. , Longo A. , Petrini A. , Brambilla G. , Belloni A. , Negri C. , Carazzuti F. , Salsi A. , Calogero P. , Parma E. , Stramba-Badiale M. , Vitali S. , Andreoni G. , Inzoli M.R. , Santus G. , Caregnato R. , Peruzza M. , Favaretto M. , Bozeglar C. , Alberoni M. , De Leo D. , Serraiotto L. , Baiocchi A. , Scoccia S. , Culotta P. , Ieracitano D. (1991) Long-term acetyl-L-carnitine treatment in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 41: 1726-1732

Spignoli G. , Pepeu G. (1987) Interactions between oxiracetam, aniracetam and scopolamine on behaviour and brain acetylcholine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 27: 491-495

Steele C. , Rovner B. , Chase G.A. , Folstein M. (1990) Psychiatric symptoms and nursing home placement of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Am J Psychiatr 147: 1049-1051

Stern Y. , Sano M. , Mayeux R. (1987) Effects of oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease . Ann Neurol 22: 306-310

Stern Y. , Sano M. , Mayeux R. (1988) Long-term administration of oral physostigmine in Alzheimer's disease. Neurology 38: 1837-1841

Summers W.K. , Viesselman J.O. , Marsh G.M. , Candelora K. (1981) Use of THA in treatment of Alzheimer-like dementia: pilot study in twelve patients. Biol Psychiatr 16: 145-153

Summers W.K. , Majovski L.V. , Marsh G.M. , Tachiki K. , Kling A. (1986) Oral tetrahydroaminoacridine in long-term treatment of senile dementia, Alzheimer type. N Engl J Med 315: 1241-1245

Tagliavini F. , Ghiso J. , Timmers W.F. , Giaccone G. , Bugiani O. , Frangione B. (1990) Coexistence of Alzheimer's amyloid precursor protein and amyloid protein in cerebral vessel walls. Lab Invest 62: 761-767

Takahashi H. , Hirokawa K. , Tsukagoshi H. (1990) Immunohistological study on the distribution of 1-antichymotrypsin in Alzheimer's brain, compared to β-amyloid precursor protein and β-amyloid protein. J Neurol Sci 99: 301-310

Tamir H. , Brunner W. , Casper D. , Rapport M.M. (1980) Enhancement by gangliosides of the binding of serotonin to serotonin binding protein. J Neurochem 34: 1719-1724

Tang C.M. , Shi Q.Y. , Katchman A. , Lynch G. (1991) Modulation of the time course of fast EPSCs and glutamate channel kinetics by aniracetam. Science 254: 288-290

Tanzi R.E. , McClatchey A.I. , Lamberti E.D. , Villa-Komaroff L. , Gusella J.F. , Neve R.L. (1988) Protease inhibitor domain encoded by an amyloid protein precursor mRNA associated with Alzheimer's disease. Nature 331: 528-530

Tariot P.N. , Cohen R.M. , Sunderland T. , Newhouse P.A. , Yount D. , Mellow A.M. , Weingartner H. , Mueller E.A. , Murphy D.L. (1987a) L-deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease. Preliminary evidence for behavioural change with monoamine oxidase B inhibition. Arch Gen Psychiatr 44: 427-433

Tariot P.N. , Sunderland T. , Wiengartner H. , Murphy D.L. , Welkowitz J.A. , Thompson K. , Cohen R.M. (1987b) Cognitive effects of L-deprenyl in Alzheimer's disease. Psychopharmacology 91: 489-495

Tariot P.N. , Cohen R.M. , Welkowitz J.A. , Sunderland T. , Newhouse P.A. , Murphy D.L. , Weingartner H. (1988) Multiple-dose arecoline infusions in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Gen Psychiatr 45: 901-905

Thal L.J. , Rosen W. , Sharpless N.S. , Crystal H. (1981) Choline chloride fails to improve cognition of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2: 205-208

Thal L.J. , Fuld P.A. , Masur D.M. , Sharpless N.S. , Davies P. (1983) Oral physostigmine and lecithin improve memory in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 13: 491-496

Thal L.J. , Masur D.M. , Sharpless N.S. , Fuld P.A. , Davies P. (1986) Acute and chronic effects of oral physostigmine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatr 10: 627-636

Thal L.J. , Masur D.M. , Blau A.D. , Fuld P.A. , Klauber M.R. (1989) Chronic oral physostigmine without lecithin improves memory in Alzheimer's disease. J Am Geriatr Soc 37: 42-48

Thompson T.L. 2nd , Filley C.M. , Mitchell W.D. , Culig K.M. , LoVerde M. , Byyny R.L. (1990) Lack of efficacy of hydergine in patients with Alzheimer's disease. [Published erratum appears in NEJM 1990 323(10) 691] . N Engl J Med 323: 445-448

Thornton J.E. , Gershon S. (1988) The history of THA. In Giacobini E , Becker R (eds), Current research in Alzheimer therapy. Taylor and Francis , New York, pp. 267-276

Tierney M.C. , Fisher R.H. , Lewis A.J. , Zorzitto M.L. , Snow W.G. , Reid D.W. , Nieuwstraten P. (1988) The NINCDS/ADRDA workgroup criteria for the clinical diagnosis of probable Alzheimer's disease: A clinico-pathological study of 57 cases. Neurology 38: 359-364

Tuszynski M.H. , Buzsaki G. , Gage F.H. (1990) Nerve growth factor infusions combined with fetal hippocampal grafts enhance reconstruction of the lesioned septohippocampal projection. Neuroscience 36: 33-44

Unsicker K. , Reichert Preibsch H. , Schmidt R.P. , Pettmann B. , Labourdette G. , Sensenbrenner M. (1987) Astroglial and fibroblast growth factors have neurotrophic functions for cultured peripheral and central nervous system neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 5459-5463

van Nostrand W.E. , Wagner S.L. , Shankle W.R. , Farrows J.S. , Dick M. , Rozemuller J.M. , Kuiper M.A. , Wolters E.C. , Zimmerman J. , Cotman C.W. , Cunningham D.D. (1992) Decreased levels of soluble β-amyloid protein precursor in cerebrospinal fluid of live Alzheimer's disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2551-2555

Verga L. , Frangione B. , Tagliavini F. , Giaccone G. , Migheli A. , Bugiani O. (1989) Alzheimer patients and Down patients: cerebral preamyloid deposits differ ultrastructurally and histochemically from the amyloid of senile plaques. Neurosci Lett 105: 294-299

Vogt W. ( 1985) Drugs and the complement system. Trends Pharmacol Sci 6: 114-119

Vyklicky L. , Patneau D.K. , Mayer M.L. (1991) Modulation of excitatory synaptic transmission by drugs that reduce desensitization at AMPA/kainate receptors. Neuron 7: 971-984

Wahlestedt C. , Golanov E. , Yamamoto S. , Yee F. , Ericson H. , Yoo H. , Inturrisi C.E. , Reis D.J. (1993a) Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides to NMDA-R1 receptor channel protect cortical neurons from excitotoxicity and reduce focal ischaemic infarctions. Nature 363: 260-263

Wahlestedt C. , Merlo E. , Pich M. , Koob G.F. , Yee F. , Heilig M. (1993b) Modulation of anxiety and neuropeptide Y-Y1 receptors by antisense oligonucleotides. Science 259: 528-531

Walker C. (1990) Ergoloid mesylates vs. Alzheimer's disease: the latest round. Geriatrics 45: 22-24

Weiss J.H. , Pike C.T. , Cotman C.W. (1994) Ca2+ channel blockers attenuate beta-amyloid peptide toxicity to cortical neurones in culture. J Neurochem 62: 372-375

Wettstein A. (1983) No effect from double-blind trial of physostigmine and lecithin in Alzheimer's disease. Ann Neurol 13: 210-212

Wettstein A. , Spiegel R. (1984) Clinical trial with the cholinergic drug RS 86 in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and senile dementia of the Alzheimer type (SDAT) . Psychopharmacol Berl 84: 572-573

Whelpton R. , Hurst P. (1985) Bioavailability of oral physostigmine. N Engl J Med 313: 1293-1294

White P. , Hiley C.R. , Goodhardt M.J. , Carrasco L.H. , Keel J.P. , Williams I E J , Bowen D.M. (1977) Neocortical cholinergic neurons in elderly people . Lancet 1: 668-671

Whitehouse P.J. , Price D.L. , Clark A.W. , Coyle J.T. , DeLong M R. (1981) Alzheimer disease: evidence for selective loss of cholinergic neurons in the nucleus basalis. Ann Neurol 10: 122-126

Whitehouse P. , Price, D. , Strubble R. , Clark A. , Coyle J. , DeLong M. (1982) Alzheimer's disease and senile dementia: loss of neurons in the basal forebrain. Science 215: 1237-1239

Whitson J.S. , Selkoe D.J. , Cotman C.W. (1989) Amyloid protein enhances the survival of hippocampal neurons in vitro. Science 243: 1488-1490

Wilcock G.K. (1993) Nerve growth factor and other experimental approaches . In Levy R , Howard R , Burns A (eds), Treatment and care in old age psychiatry. Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd, pp. 3-10

Wilcock G.K. , Esiri M.M. (1982) Plaques, tangles and dementia. A quantitative study . Neurol Sci 56: 343-356

Williams L.R. , Varon S. , Peterson G.M. , Wictorin K. , Fischer W. , Bjorklund A. , Gage F.H. (1986) Continuous infusion of nerve growth factor prevents basal forebrain neuronal death after fimbria fornix transection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83: 9231-9235

Wisniewski H.M. , Sinatra R.S. , Iqbal K. , Grundke-Iqbal I. (1981) Neurofibrillary and synaptic pathology in the aged brain. In Johnson J E Jr (ed.), Aging and cell structure vol 1. Plenum Publishing Corp ., New York, pp. 105-141

Wojcik M. , Ulas J. , Oderfeld-Nowak N.B. (1982) The stimulating effect of ganglioside injections on the recovery of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase activities in the hippocampus of the rat after septal lesions. Neuroscience 7: 405-499

Wolthius O.L. (1971) Experiments with UCB 6215, a drug which enhances acquisition in rats: its effects compared with metamphetamine. Eur J Pharmacol 16: 283-297

Wolthius O.L. (1981) Behavioural effects of etiracetam in rats. Pharmacol, Biochem Behav 15: 247-255

Wong C.W. , Quaranta V. , Glenner G.G. (1985) Neuritic plaques and cerebrovascular amyloid in Alzheimer diseases are antigenetically related. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 82: 8729-8732

Yankner B.A. , Dawes L.R. , Fisher S. , Villa-Komaroff L. , Oster-Granite M.L. , Neve R.L. (1989) Neurotoxicity of a fragment of the amyloid precursor associated with Alzheimer's disease. Science 245: 417-420

Yankner B.A. , Duffy L.K. , Kirschner D.A. (1990) Neurotrophic and neurotoxic effects of amyloid protein: reversal by tachykinin neuropeptides. Science 250: 279-282