Putting the 'A' in atypical: does α2-adrenoceptor antagonism account for the therapeutic advantage of new antipsychotics?

Arnott S. , Nutt D.J. (1994) Successful treatment of fluvoxamine-induced anorgasmia by cyproheptadine. Br J Psychiatr 164: 838-839

Bersani G. , Grispini A. , Marini S. , Pasini A. , Valducci M. , Ciani N. (1990) 5HT-2 antagonist ritanserin in neuroleptic-induced parkinsonism: a double-blind comparison with orphenadrine and placebo. Clin Neuropharmacol 13: 500-506

Claus A. , Bollen J. , De Cuyper J. , Eneman M. , Malfroid M. , Peuskens J. , Heylen S. (1992) Risperidone versus haloperidol in the treatment of chronic schizophrenia in patients: a multicentre double-blind comparative study. Acta Psychiatr Scand 85: 295-305

Farde L. , Wiesel F. , Halldin C. , Sedvall G. (1988) Central D2-dopamine receptor occupancy in schizophrenic patients treated with antipsychotic drugs. Arch Gen Psychiatr 45: 71-76

Ghika J. , Tennis M. , Hoffman B.A. , Schoenfeld D. , Growden J. (1991) Idazoxan treatment in progressive supranuclear palsy. Neurology 41: 986-991

Glue P. , Nutt D.J. (1988) Clonidine challenge testing of alpha-2-adrenoceptor function in man: effects of mental illness and psychotropic medication. J Psychopharmacol 2: 119-137

Glue P. , White E. , Wilson S. , Ball D. , Nutt D.J. (1991) The pharmacology of saccadic eye movements (2): effects of the α-2-adrenoceptor ligands idazoxan and clonidine. Psychopharmacology 105: 368-373

Greenhoff J. , Svensson T.H. (1989) Clonidine modulates dopamine cell firing in the rat ventral tegmental area. J Pharmacol 165: 11-18

Herve D. , Blanc G. , Glowinski J. , Tassin J.P. (1982) Reduction of dopamine utilization in the prefrontal cortex but not in the nucleus accumbens after selective destruction of noradrenergic fibres innervating the ventral tegmental area in the rat. Brain Res 237: 510-516

Idzikowski C. , Cowen P.J. , Nutt D.J. , Mills F.J. (1987) The effects of chronic ritanserin treatment on sleep and the neuroendocrine response to L-tryptophan. Psychopharmacology 93: 416-420

Leysen J.E. , Janssen P M F , Schotte A. , Luyten W H M L , Megens A A H P (1993) Interaction of antipsychotic drugs with neurotransmitter receptor sites in vitro and in vivo in relation to pharmacological and clinical effects: role of 5HT2 receptors. Psychopharmacology 112: S40-S54

Litman R.E. , Hong W.W. , Weissman E.M. , Su T.P. , Potter W.Z. , Pickar D. (1993) Idazoxan, an α-2 antagonist, augments fluphenazine in schizophrenic patients: a pilot study. J Clin Pharmacol 13: 264-267

Maj J. , Mogilnicka E. , Przewlocka B. (1975) Antagonistic effect of cyproheptadine on neuroleptic-induced catalepsy. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 3: 25-27

Meltzer H.Y. , Nash J.F. (1991) Effects of antipsychotic drugs on serotonin receptors . Pharmacol Rev 43: 587-604

Murphy D.L. , Mueller E.A. , Hill J.L. , Tolliver T.J. , Jacobsen F.M. (1989) Comparative anxiogenic neuroendocrine and other physiologic effects of m-chlorophenylpiperazine given intravenously or orally to healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology 98: 275-282

Nutt D.J. (1992) Neurochemistry and neuropharmacology. In Morgan H G , Butler S (eds), College seminars in psychiatry: basic neurosciences. Royal College of Psychiatrists, London, pp. 71-111

Nutt D.J. , Lalies M. , Hudson A. (1993) The effects of alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonists on extracellular dopamine concentrations in rat striatum. In Colpaert F , Briley M (eds), Noradrenergic mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Academic Press, New York, pp. 159-172

Osman O.T. , Rudorfer M.V. , Potter W.Z. (1989) Chronic alpha-2 antagonism increases norepinephrine, blocks GH release and is antidepressant. Biological Psychiatry Meeting, San Francisco, CA (Abstract)

Pickar D. , Owen R.R. , Litman R.E. , Komcki P.E. , Gutierrez R. , Rapaport M.H. (1992) Clinical and biological response to clozapine in patients with schizophrenia: crossover comparison with fluphenazine. Arch Gen Psychiatr 49: 345-353

Potkin S.G. , Buchsbaum M. , Jin Y. , Wu J. , Costa J. , Gulasekaram B. , Richmond G. , Fallon J. , Hong C. , Telford J. , Sitanggan K. (1994) Brain metabolic correlates of antipsychotic response . Neuropsychopharmacology 10-3S: 696S

Reyntgens A. , Gelders Y.G. , Hoppenbrouwers M-L J A , Vanden Bussche G. (1986) Thymostenic effects of ritanserin (R 55 667), a centrally acting serotonin-S2 receptor blocker. Drug Dev Res 8: 205-211

Sahakian B. , Hodges J. (1994) Idazoxan improves cognitive function in frontal lobe dementia. J Neurol, Neurosurg Psychiatr 57: 120-121

Schittecatte M. , Charles G. , Machowski R. , Garvia-Valentin J. , Mendlewicz J. , Wilmotte J. (1992) Reduced clonidine rapid eye movement sleep suppression in patients with primary major affective illness. Arch Gen Psychiatr 49: 637-642

Schmidt M.E. , Matochik J.M. , Risinger R.C. , Leakan R.A. , Potter W.Z. (1994) Gender differences in regional brain metabolism following acute idazoxan. Neuropsychopharmacology 10-3S: 247S

Seeman P. (1987) Dopamine receptors and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia. Synapse 1: 133-152

Smith A.P. , Wilson S.J. , Glue P. , Nutt D.J. (1992) The effects and after-effects of the alpha-2-adrenoceptor antagonist idazoxan on mood, memory and attention in normal volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 6: 376-381

Sokoloff P. , Giros B. , Martres M.P. , Bouthenet M-L. , Schwartz J-C. (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of a novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature 347: 146-151

Sokoloff P. , Martres M-P. , Giros B. , Bouthenet M. -L, Schwartz J-C. (1992) The third dopamine receptor (D3) as a novel target for antipsychotics. Biochem Pharmacol 43: 659-666

Stein L. , Wise C.D. (1971) Possible etiology of schizophrenia: progressive damage to the noradrenergic reward system by 6-hydroxydopamine. Science 171: 1032-1036

Thomas D.N. , Holman R.B. (1991) A microdialysis study of the regulation of endogenous noradrenaline release in the rat hippocampus. J Neurochem 56: 1741-1746

van Kammen D.P. , Peters J. , Yao J. , van Kammen W.B. , Neylan T. , Shaw D. , Linnoila M. (1990) Norepinephrine in acute exacerbations of chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatr 47: 161-170

Van Tol H H M , Bunzow J.R. , Guan J-C. , Sunahara R.K. , Seeman P. , Niznik J.B. , Civelli O. (1990) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D 4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature 350: 610-614