Nine subjects with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder were treated with clozapine, 500 mg/day for at least 3 months. Each was affected by tardive dyskinesia whose severity was reduced significantly after 3 months of treatment but not at earlier monthly assessments. In contrast, psychiatric symptoms were lessened significantly after 1 month. The more delayed improvement of dyskinesia as compared to the pace of psychiatric improvement suggests a differential effect of the drug.
Anden N.E., Stock G. (1973) Effect of clozapine on the turnover of dopamine in the corpus striatum and in the limbic system. J Pharm Pharmacol25: 346-348
2.
Burki H.R., Eichenberger E., Sayers A.C., White T.G. (1975) Clozapine and the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia, a critical appraisal. Pharmakopsychiatr Neuropsychopharmakol8: 115-121
3.
Caine E.D., Polinsky R.J., Kartzinel R., Ebert M.H. (1979) The trial use of clozapine for abnormal involuntary movement disorders. Am J Psychiatr136: 317-320
4.
Carroll B.J., Curtis G.C., Kokmen E. (1977) Paradoxical response to dopamine agonists in tardive dyskinesia. Am J Psychiatr134: 785-789
5.
Chiodo L.A., Bunney B.S. (1983) Typical and atypical neuroleptics: differential effects of chronic administration on the activity of A9 and A10 midbrain dopaminergic neurons. J Neurosci3: 1607-1619
6.
Cole J.O., Gardos G., Tarsy D., Granacher R.P., Sniffin C., Vanderkolk B., Trenholm I. (1980) Drug trials in persistent dyskinesia. In Fann W E, Smith R C, Davis J M, Domino E F (eds), Tardive dyskinesia: research and treatment. Spectrum, New York, pp. 419-427
7.
Fitton A., Heel R.C. (1990) Clozapine: a review of its pharmacological properties, and therapeutic use in schizophrenia. Drugs40: 722-747
8.
Gerbino L., Shopsin B., Collora M. (1980) Clozapine in the treatment of tardive dyskinesia: an interim report. In Fann W E, Smith R C, Davis J M, Domino E F (eds), Tardive dyskinesia: research and treatment. Spectrum, New York , pp. 475-489
9.
Gerlach J., Simmelsgaard H. (1978) Tardive dyskinesia during and following treatment with haloperidol, haloperidol+biperiden, thioridazine, and clozapine. Psychopharmacology59: 105-112
10.
Gerlach J., Thorsen K., Fog R. ( 1975) Extrapyramidal reactions and amine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid during haloperidol and clozapine treatment of schizophrenic patients . Psychopharmacologia40: 341-350
11.
Guy W. ( 1976) ECDEU assessment manual for psychopharmacology. George Washington University, Biometric Laboratory, Kensington, MD, pp. 217-222
12.
Herrling P.L. (1991) Mechanism of action of atypical antipsychotics . Pharmacopsychiatry24: 48-49
13.
Kane J., Honigfeld G., Singer J., Meltzer H. (1988) Clozapine for the treatment-resistant schizophrenic. A double-blind comparison with chlorpromazine. Arch Gen Psychiatr45: 789-796
14.
Lieberman J.A., Saltz B.L., Johns C.A., Pollack S., Kane J.M. (1989) Clozapine effects on tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacol Bull25: 57-62
15.
Ljungberg T., Ungerstedt U. (1978) Classification of neuroleptic drugs according to their ability to inhibit apomorphine-induced locomotion and gnawing: evidence for two different mechanisms of action. Psychopharmacology56: 239-247
16.
Meltzer H.Y., Luchins D.J. (1984) Effect of clozapine in severe tardive dyskinesia: a case report. J Clin Psychopharmacol4: 286-287
17.
Moore N.C., Gershon S. (1989) Which atypical antipsychotics are identified by screening tests? Clin Neuropharmacol12: 167-184
18.
National Institute of Mental Health (1975) Abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS). Psychopharmacology4: 3-6
Pakkenberg H., Pakkenberg B. (1986) Clozapine in the treatment of tremor. Acta Neurol Scand73: 295-297
21.
Sayers A.C., Burki H.R., Ruch W., Asper H. (1975) Neuroleptic-induced hypersensitivity of striatal dopamine receptors in the rat as a model of tardive dyskinesias. Effects of clozapine, haloperidol, loxapine and chlorpromazine. Psychopharmacologica41: 97-104
22.
Shopsin B., Klein H., Aaronsom M., Collora M. (1979) Clozapine, chlorpromazine, and placebo in newly hospitalized, acutely schizophrenic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatr36: 657-664
23.
Simpson G.M., Lee J.H., Shrivastava R.K. (1978) Clozapine in tardive dyskinesia. Psychopharmacology56: 75-80Simpson G.M., Vargo E. (1974) Clozapine—a new antipsychotic agent. Curr Ther Res16: 679-685
24.
Small J.G., Milstein V., Marhenke J.D., Hall D.D., Kellams J.J. (1987) Treatment outcome with clozapine in tardive dyskinesia, neuroleptic sensitivity, and treatment-resistant psychosis. J Clin Psychiatr48: 263-267
25.
Sokoloff P., Giros B., Martres M.P., Bouthenet M.L., Schwartz J.C. (1990) Molecular cloning and characterization of novel dopamine receptor (D3) as a target for neuroleptics. Nature347: 146-151
26.
Van Tol H H M, Bunzow J.R., Guan H-C., Sunahara R.K., Seeman P., Niznik H.B., Civelli O. (1991) Cloning of the gene for a human dopamine D 4 receptor with high affinity for the antipsychotic clozapine. Nature350: 610-614
27.
Wolters E.C., Hurwitz T.A., Peppard R.F., Calne D.B. (1989) Clozapine: an antipsychotic agent in Parkinson's disease? Clin Neuropharmacol12: 83-90
