Schizophrenia: is the concept disintegrating?

Abrams R. , Taylor M.A. 1983 The genetics of Schizophrenia: A reassessment using modern criteria. American Journal of Psychiatry 140: 171-175

American Psychiatric Association 1980 DSM-III, Washington.

American Psychiatric Association 1987 DSM-III-R, Washington.

Andreasen N.C. , Olsen S. 1982 Negative v. positive schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 39: 789-794

Andreasen N.C. , Reveley A.M. , Chitkara B. , Murray R.M. , Reveley M.A. 1987 The Maudsley twin series: diagnostic update Archives of General Psychiatry in press

Arnold T. 1782 Observation of the nature, kinds, causes and prevention of insanity, vol 1. Leicester

Baron M. , Gruen R. , Ramer J.D. , Kane J. , Asnis L. , Lord S. 1985 A family study of schizophrenic and normal control probands: implications for the spectrum concept of schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 142: 447-455

Bleuler E. 1908 The prognosis of dementia praecox: the group of schizophrenias Allgemeine Zeitschrift fur Psychiatrie 65: 436-464

Brockington I.F. , Kendell R.E. , Leff J.P. (1978) Definitions of schizophrenia: concordance and prediction of outcome Psychological Medicine 8: 387-398

Brockmgton I. 1986 Diagnosis of schizophrenia and schizoaffective psychoses In: the psychopharmacology and treatment of schizophrenia . (eds P B Bradley, S R Hirsch) A British Association of Pharmacology Monograph.

Clare A. 1980 Psychiatry in dissent, 2nd edn. Tavistock, London

Cloninger C.R. , Martin R.L. , Guze S.B. , Clayton P.J. 1985 Diagnosis and prognosis in schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 42: 15-25

Cooper J.E. , Kendell R.E. , Gurland B.J. , Sharpe L. , Copeland J.R. M., Simon R 1972 Psychiatric diagnosis in New York and London. Maudsley Monograph, Oxford University Press

Crow T.J. , Deakm J F W , Johnstone E.C. , Longden A. 1976 Dopamine and schizophrenia. Lancet ii: 563-566

Crow T. 1980 Molecular pathology of schizophrenia: more than one disease process? British Medical Journal 280: 66-68

Crow T. 1985 The two-syndrome concept: origins and current status Schizophrenia Bulletin 11: 471-486

Cutting J, Shepherd M eds 1987 The clinical roots of the schizophrenia concept. Cambridge University Press

Farmer A.E. , McGuffin P. , Gottesman I.I. 1987 Twin concordance for DSM-III schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 44: 634-641

Feighner J.P. , Robins E. , Guze S.B. , Woodruff R.A. , Winokur G. , Munoz R. 1972 Diagnostic criteria for use in psychiatric research. Archives of General Psychiatry 26: 57-63

Gottesman I.I. , Shields J. 1972 Schizophrenia and genetics: a twin study vantage point . London Academic Press

Gottesman I.I. , Shields J. 1982 Schizophrenia: the epigenetic puzzle. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

Grayson D. 1986 Assessment of evidence for a categorical view of schizophrenia . Archives of General Psychiatry 43: 712-713

Johnstone E.C. , Crow T.J. , Frith C.D. , Husband J. , Kreel L. 1976 Cerebral ventricular size and cognitive impairment in chronic schizophrenia. Lancet ii 924—926

Kay S.R. , Fiszbein A. , Lmdenmayer J-P. , Opler L.A. 1986 Positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia as a function of chronicity. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 74: 507-518

Kendell R.E. , Gourlay J. 1970 The clinical distinction between the affective psychoses and schizophrenia British Journal Psychiatry 117:261-266

Kendell R.E. , Brockington I.F. , Leff J.P. 1979 Prognostic implications of six alternative definitions of schizophrenia. Archives of General Psychiatry 36: 25-31

Kendell R.E. 1982 The choice of diagnostic criteria for biological research . Archives of General Psychiatry 39: 1334— 1339

Kendler K.S. , Masterson C.C. , Ungaro R. , Davis K.L. 1984 A family history study of schizophrenia personality disorders . American Journal of Psychiatry 141: 424-427

Kendler K.S. , Gruenberg A.M. , Tsuang M. 1985 Psychiatric illness in first degree relatives of schizophrenic and surgical control patients. Archives of General Psychiatry 42: 770-779

Kendler K.S. 1986 Kraepelin and the differential diagnosis of dementia praecox and manic-depressive insanity. Com prehensive Psychiatry 27: 549-558

Kety S.S. 1980 The syndrome of schizophrenia: unresolved questions and opportunities for research. British Journal Psychiatry 136: 421-436

Kleist K. 1930 A logical thought disorder: an organic manifestation of the schizophrenic psychological deficit Schweizer Archiv fur Neurologie und Psychiatrie 26: 99-102

Kraepelin E. 1896 Dementia praecox. In: Psychiatrie Vth edn. Barth, Leipzig

Kraepelin E. 1919 Dementia praecox and paraphrenia (ed. G M Robertson) Edinburgh, Livingstone. Translated R M Barclay

Lewis S.W. , Murray R.M. 1987 Obstetric complications, neuro-developmental deviance and risk of schizophrenia. Journal of Psychiatric Research 21: 413-421

Lewis S.W. , Reveley A.M. , Reveley M.A. , Chitkara B. , Murray R.M. 1987 The familial-sporadic distinction as a strategy in schizophrenia research. British Journal of Psychiatry 151. 306-313

McGuffin P. , Reveley A.M. , Holland A. 1982 Identical triplets: non-identical psychosis? British Journal of Psychiatry 140: 1-6

McGuffin P. , Farmer A.E. , Gottesman I.I. , Murray R.M. , Reveley A.M. , 1984 Twin concordance for operationally defined schizophrenia. Confirmation of familiality and heritability. Archives of General Psychiatry 41: 541-545

Murray R.M. , Oon M C H , Rodnight R. , Birley J L T , Smith A. 1979 Increased excretion of DMT and certain features of psychosis. A possible association Archives of General Psychiatry 36: 644-649

Murray R.M. , Lewis S.W. , Reveley A.M. 1985 Towards an aetiological classification of schizophrenia . Lancet 1: 1023-1026

Neumann H. 1883 Leitfaden der psychiatrie. Preuss Junger , Breslau

Nimgaonkar V.L. , Wessely S. , Tune L.E. , Murray R.M. 1988 Response to drugs in schizophrenia: the influence of family history, obstetric complications and ventricular enlargement Psychological Medicine in press

Owens D G C , Johnstone E.C. , Crow T.J. , Frith C.D. , Jagoe J.R. , Kreel L. 1985 Lateral ventricular size in schizophrenia, relationship to the disease process and its clinical manifestations. Psychological Medicine 15: 27-41

Pasamanick B. , Dinitz S. , Lefton M. 1959 Psychiatric orientation and its relation to diagnosis and treatment in a mental hospital American Journal of Psychiatry 116: 127-132

Pope H.G. , Jonas, J.M. , Cohen B.M. , Lipinski J.F. 1982 Failure to find evidence of schizophrenia in first degree relatives of schizophrenic probands American Journal of Psychiatry 139 826-828

Reveley A.M. , Reveley M.A. , Clifford C. , Murray R.M. 1982 Cerebral ventricular size in twins discordant for schizophrenia . Lancet 1. 540-541

Reveley A.M. , Reveley M.A. , Murray R.M. 1984 Cerebral ventricular enlargement in non-genetic schizophrenia: a controlled twin study British Journal of Psychiatry 144: 89-93

Robins E. , Guze S. 1970 Establishment of diagnostic validity in psychiatric illness: its application to schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry 126: 983-987

Roger D. 1987 Neuropsychiatry British Journal of Psychiatry 150 425-427

Sandifer M.G. , Hordern A. , Timbury G.C. , Green L.M. 1969 Similarities and differences in patient evaluation by US and UK psychiatrists American Journal of Psychiatry 126: 206-212

Sartorius N. , Jablensky A. , Korten A. , Ernberg G. , Anker M. , Cooper J.E. , Day R. 1986 Early manifestations and first-contact incidence of schizophrenia in different cultures. Psychological Medicine 16: 909-928

Schneider K. 1959 Clinical psychopathology Grune and Stratton, New York

Spitzer R.L. , Endicott J. , Robins E. 1975 Research diagnostic criteria (RDC) New York Biometrics Research New York State Psychiatric Institute.

Spitzer R.L. , Endicott J. , Robins E. 1978 Research diagnostic criteria: rationale and reliability Archives of General Psychiatry 35: 773-782

Torrey E.F. 1987 Prevalence studies in schizophrenia British Journal of Psychiatry 150: 598-608

World Health Organization 1973 Report of the International Pilot Study of Schizophrenia, vol 1, WHO, Geneva

World Health Organization 1987 ICD-10; 1986 Draft of chapter V Geneva

Weinberger D.R. , Bigelow L.B. , Klemman J.E. , Klein S.T. , Rosenblatt J.E. , Wyatt R.J. 1980 Cerebral ventricular enlargement in chronic schizophrenia Archives of General Psychiatry 37: 11-13

Wing J.K. , Cooper J.E. , Sartorius N. 1974 The measurement and classification of psychiatric symptoms . Cambridge University Press, Cambndge