Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 2025-4
Exploring the impact of MDMA and oxytocin ligands on anxiety and social responses: A comprehensive behavioural and molecular study in the zebrafish model
Mental disorders, including anxiety and depression, impact nearly 1 billion people worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the potential of certain amphetamine compounds in the therapy of psychiatric disorders, with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) emerging as a promising candidate.
Aim:
This study investigates the effects of MDMA on anxiety and social behaviours using 3-week-old zebrafish. Additionally, the role of oxytocin in regulating these behaviours was examined through the use of an oxytocin receptor agonist (WAY-267,464) and antagonist (L-368,899).
Methods:
Behavioural effects were assessed using the novel exploration test, light–dark preference test and social preference test. To explore the underlying mechanisms, changes in gene expression in serotonin, oxytocin and vasopressin systems and changes in AKT and EKR1/2 signalling pathways were analysed.
Results:
Acute MDMA exposure reduced thigmotactic behaviour and increased the social preference index, indicating anxiolytic and prosocial effects. However, these effects were biphasic – the lowest tested dose of 0.5 μM showed anxiogenic and prosocial effects. As the concentration increased, these effects reversed, with a peak at 2.5 μM. MDMA suppressed the expression of serotonin receptors (htr1b and htr2b) and transporter (scl6a4) genes while increasing oxytocin receptors (oxtra and oxtrb) genes, decreasing vasopressin receptor (avpr1aa) gene expression, and reducing AKT phosphorylation. The oxytocin receptor agonist mimicked MDMA’s effects, while the antagonist had no significant effect on anxiety or social behaviour.
Conclusions:
MDMA demonstrates therapeutic potential for treating anxiety disorders and social impairments. Moreover, 3-week-old zebrafish proved to be a valuable model for neurobehavioural research and high-throughput screening of psychiatric treatments.
AbadSRamon-DuasoCLópez-ArnauR, et al (2019) Effects of MDMA on neuroplasticity amyloid burden and phospho-tau expression in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice. J Psychopharmacol33: 1170–1182.
2.
AkinrinadeIKareklasKTelesMC, et al (2023) Evolutionarily conserved role of oxytocin in social fear contagion in zebrafish. Science379: 1232–1237.
3.
ArrowsmithSWrayS (2014) Oxytocin: Its mechanism of action and receptor signalling in the myometrium. J Neuroendocrinol26: 356–369.
4.
AtkinsonTJHalfonMS (2014) Regulation of gene expression in the genomic context. Comput Struct Biotechnol J9: e201401001.
5.
BaiYLiuHHuangB, et al (2016) Identification of environmental stressors and validation of light preference as a measure of anxiety in larval zebrafish. BMC Neurosci17: 63.
6.
BarenysMÁlvarezSSantamariaA, et al (2022) Developmental exposure to MDMA (ecstasy) in zebrafish embryos reproduces the neurotoxicity adverse outcome ‘lower motor activity’ described in humans. Neurotoxicology88: 116–123.
7.
BarenysMReverteIMasjosthusmannS, et al (2020) Developmental neurotoxicity of MDMA. A systematic literature review summarized in a putative adverse outcome pathway. Neurotoxicology78: 209–241.
8.
BermanSMKuczenskiRMcCrackenJT, et al (2009) Potential adverse effects of amphetamine treatment on brain and behaviour: A review. Mol Psychiatry14: 123–142.
9.
BiezonskiDKMeyerJS (2010) Effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) on serotonin transporter and vesicular monoamine transporter 2 protein and gene expression in rats: Implications for MDMA neurotoxicity. J Neurochem112: 951–962.
10.
BlokhinIOKhorkovaOSaveanuRV, et al (2020) Molecular mechanisms of psychiatric diseases. Neurobiol Dis146: 105136.
11.
BlumeABoschOJMiklosS, et al (2008) Oxytocin reduces anxiety via ERK1/2 activation: Local effect within the rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. Eur J Neurosci27: 1947–1956.
12.
BollmannJH (2019) The zebrafish visual system: From circuits to behaviour. Ann Rev Vision Sci15: 269–293.
13.
BoschOJYoungLJ (2018) Oxytocin and social relationships: From attachment to bond disruption. Curr Top Behav Neurosci35: 97–117.
14.
CampbellPDGranatoM (2020) Zebrafish as a tool to study schizophrenia-associated copy number variants. Dis Models Mech13: dmm043877.
15.
CalcaterraNEBarrowJC (2014) Classics in chemical neuroscience: Diazepam (valium). ACS Chem Neurosci5: 253–260.
16.
CaraciFLeggioGMSalomoneS, et al (2017) New drugs in psychiatry: Focus on new pharmacological targets. F1000Research6: 397.
17.
ChenSLiuYRongX, et al (2017) Neuroprotective role of the PI3 kinase/Akt signalling pathway in zebrafish. Front Endocrinol8: 21.
18.
ChengRKJesuthasanSJPenneyTB (2014) Zebrafish forebrain and temporal conditioning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci369: 20120462.
19.
ChouMYHungJCWuLC, et al (2011) Isotocin controls ion regulation through regulating ionocyte progenitor differentiation and proliferation. Cell Mol Life Sci68: 2797–2809.
20.
CiarloCKaufmanCKKinikogluB, et al (2017) A chemical screen in zebrafish embryonic cells establishes that Akt activation is required for neural crest development. ELife23: e29145.
21.
CostaFVZabegalovKNKolesnikovaTO, et al (2023) Experimental models of human cortical malformations: From mammals to ‘acortical’ zebrafish. Neurosci Biobehav Rev155: 105429.
22.
Cueto-EscobedoJGerman-PoncianoLJGuillén-RuizG, et al (2022) Zebrafish as a useful tool in the research of natural products with potential anxiolytic effects. Front Behav Neurosci12: 759285.
23.
de MouraLAPytersonMPPimentelAFN, et al (2023) Roles of the 5-HT2C receptor on zebrafish sociality. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry125: 110796.
24.
DoszynODulskiTZmorzynskaJ (2024) Diving into the zebrafish brain: Exploring neuroscience frontiers with genetic tools, imaging techniques, and behavioural insights. Front Mol Neurosci17: 1358844.
25.
DölenGDarvishzadehAHuangKW, et al (2013) Social reward requires coordinated activity of nucleus accumbens oxytocin and serotonin. Nature501: 179–184.
26.
DreostiELopesGKampffAR, et al (2015) Development of social behaviour in young zebrafish. Front Neural Circuits18: 39.
27.
DumaisKMVeenemaAH (2016) Vasopressin and oxytocin receptor systems in the brain: Sex differences and sex-specific regulation of social behaviour. Front Neuroendocrinol40: 1–23.
28.
DumontGJHSweepFCGJvan der SteenR, et al (2009) Increased oxytocin concentrations and prosocial feelings in humans after ecstasy (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) administration. Soc Neurosci4: 359–366.
29.
FontanaBDParkerMO (2022) The larval diving response (LDR): Validation of an automated high-throughput ecologically relevant measure of anxiety-related behaviour in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Neurosci Methods381: 109706.
30.
FontanaBDAlnassarNParkerMO (2022a) The zebrafish (Danio rerio) anxiety test battery: Comparison of behavioural responses in the novel tank diving and light-dark tasks following exposure to anxiogenic and anxiolytic compounds. Psychopharmacology239: 287–296.
31.
FontanaBDMüllerTEClealM, et al (2022b) Using zebrafish (Danio rerio) models to understand the critical role of social interactions in mental health and wellbeing. Prog Neurobiol208: 101993.
32.
FontanaBDNortonWHJParkerMO (2022c) Modelling ADHD-like phenotypes in zebrafish. Curr Top Behav Neurosci57: 395–414.
33.
ForslingMLFallonJKShahD, et al (2002) The effect of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA ‘ecstasy’) and its metabolites on neurohypophysial hormone release from the isolated rat hypothalamus. Br J Pharmacol135: 649–656.
34.
FrancisSMKirkpatrickMGde WitH, et al (2016) Urinary and plasma oxytocin changes in response to MDMA or intranasal oxytocin administration. Psychoneuroendocrinology74: 92–100.
35.
GabrielJPMahmoodRKyriakatosA, et al (2009) Serotonergic modulation of locomotion in zebrafish: Endogenous release and synaptic mechanisms. J Neurosci29: 10387–10395.
36.
García-GonzálezJde QuadrosBHavelangeW, et al (2021) Behavioural effects of developmental exposure to JWH-018 in wild-type and disrupted in schizophrenia 1 (disc1) mutant zebrafish. Biomolecules11: 319.
37.
GemmerAMirkesKAnneserL, et al (2022) Oxytocin receptors influence the development and maintenance of social behaviour in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Scient Rep12: 4322.
38.
GengYPetersonRT (2019) The zebrafish subcortical social brain as a model for studying social behaviour disorders. Dis Models Mechan12: dmm039446.
39.
Giménez-LlortLSantana-SantanaMBayascasJR (2020) The impact of the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway in anxiety and working memory in young and middle-aged PDK1 K465E knock-in mice. Front Behav Neurosci14: 61.
40.
GollaAØstbyHKermenF (2020) Chronic unpredictable stress induces anxiety-like behaviours in young zebrafish. Scient Rep10: 10339.
41.
GreenJCollinsCKyzarEJ, et al (2012) Automated high-throughput neurophenotyping of zebrafish social behaviour. J Neurosci Methods210: 266–271.
42.
GuoNWangXXuM, et al (2024) PI3K/AKT signaling pathway: Molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential in depression. Pharmacol Res206: 107300.
43.
HaridyR (2023) Australia to prescribe MDMA and psilocybin for PTSD and depression in world first. Nature619: 227–228.
44.
HenryJAFallonJKKicmanAT, et al (1998) Low-dose MDMA (‘ecstasy’) induces vasopressin secretion. Lancet (London England)351: 1784.
45.
HicksCJorgensenWBrownC, et al (2012) The nonpeptide oxytocin receptor agonist WAY 267464: Receptor-binding profile prosocial effects and distribution of c-Fos expression in adolescent rats. J Neuroendocrinol24: 1012–1029.
46.
JonesCBarreraIBrothersS, et al (2017) Oxytocin and social functioning. Dialog Clin Neurosci19: 193–201.
47.
Jung KoMChiangTMukadamAA, et al (2021) β-Arrestin-dependent ERK signalling reduces anxiety-like and conditioned fear-related behaviours in mice. Sci Signal14: eaba0245.
48.
JurekBNeumannID (2018) The oxytocin receptor: from intracellular signalling to behaviour. Physiol Rev98: 1805–1908.
49.
KalueffAVStewartAMGerlaiR (2014) Zebrafish as an emerging model for studying complex brain disorders. Trends Pharmacol Sci35: 63–75.
50.
Kamilar-BrittPBediG (2015) The prosocial effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Controlled studies in humans and laboratory animals. Neurosci Biobehav Rev57: 433–446.
51.
KedraMBanasiakKKisielewskaK, et al (2020) TrkB hyperactivity contributes to brain dysconnectivity epileptogenesis and anxiety in zebrafish model of Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A117: 2170–2179.
52.
KirkpatrickMGFrancisSMLeeR, et al (2014a) Plasma oxytocin concentrations following MDMA or intranasal oxytocin in humans. Psychoneuroendocrinology46: 23–31.
53.
KirkpatrickMGLeeRWardleMC, et al (2014b) Effects of MDMA and intranasal oxytocin on social and emotional processing. Neuropsychopharmacology39: 1654–1663.
54.
KleeEWSchneiderHClarkKJ, et al (2012) Zebrafish: A model for the study of addiction genetics. Hum Genet131: 977–1008.
55.
KrishnanVHanMHMazei-RobisonM, et al (2008) AKT signalling within the ventral tegmental area regulates cellular and behavioural responses to stressful stimuli. Biol Psychiatry64: 691–700.
56.
KuypersKPCDe La TorreRFarreM, et al (2018) Depressive mood ratings are reduced by MDMA in female polydrug ecstasy users homozygous for the l-allele of the serotonin transporter. Scient Rep8: 1061.
57.
LandinJHoveyDXuB, et al (2020) Oxytocin receptors regulate social preference in zebrafish. Scient Rep10: 5435.
58.
LauBYBMathurPGouldGG, et al (2011) Identification of a brain centre whose activity discriminates a choice behaviour in zebrafish. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A108: 2581–2586.
59.
LefevreARichardNJazayeriM, et al (2017) Oxytocin and serotonin brain mechanisms in the nonhuman primate. J Neurosci37: 6741–6750.
60.
LinHQBurdenPMChristieMJ, et al (1999) The anxiogenic-like and anxiolytic-like effects of MDMA on mice in the elevated plus-maze: A comparison with amphetamine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav62: 403–408.
61.
LivakKJSchmittgenTD (2001) Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method. Methods25: 402–408.
62.
LockwoodBBjerkeSKobayashiK, et al (2004) Acute effects of alcohol on larval zebrafish: A genetic system for large-scale screening. Pharmacol Biochem Behav77: 647–654.
63.
MaciągMMichalakASkalicka-WoźniakK, et al (2020) Zebrafish and mouse models for anxiety evaluation – A comparative study with xanthotoxin as a model compound. Brain Res Bullet165: 139–145.
64.
MaciagMPlazinskiWPulawskiW, et al (2023) A comprehensive pharmacological analysis of fenoterol and its derivatives to unravel the role of β2-adrenergic receptor in zebrafish. Biomed Pharmacother160: 114355.
65.
MascaNGHensorEMCorneliusVR, et al (2015) RIPOSTE: A framework for improving the design and analysis of laboratory-based research. Elife4: e05519.
66.
McGregorISClemensKJVan Der PlasseG, et al (2003) Increased anxiety 3 months after brief exposure to MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) in rats: Association with altered 5-HT transporter and receptor density. Neuropsychopharmacology28: 1472–1484.
67.
MechAMMerterogluMSealyIM, et al (2022) Behavioural and gene regulatory responses to developmental drug exposures in zebrafish. Front Psychiatry12: 795175.
68.
MelaragnoAJ (2021) Pharmacotherapy for anxiety disorders: From first-line options to treatment resistance. Focus (Am Psychiatr Publ)19: 145–160.
69.
MeshalkinaDAKizlykMNKysilEV, et al (2018) Zebrafish models of autism spectrum disorder. Exp Neurol299: 207–216.
70.
MitchellJMBogenschutzMLiliensteinA, et al (2021) MDMA-assisted therapy for severe PTSD: A randomised double-blind placebo-controlled phase 3 study. Nat Med27: 1025–1033.
71.
MitchellJMOt’aloraGMvan der KolkB, et al (2023) MDMA-assisted therapy for moderate to severe PTSD: A randomised placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Nat Med29: 2473–2480.
72.
MithoeferMCWagnerMTMithoeferAT, et al (2013) Durability of improvement in post-traumatic stress disorder symptoms and absence of harmful effects or drug dependency after 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine-assisted psychotherapy: A prospective long-term follow-up study. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)27: 28–39.
73.
MoriTIwaseYUzawaN, et al (2021) Synergistic effects of MDMA and ethanol on behaviour: Possible effects of ethanol on dopamine D2 -receptor-related signalling. Addict Biol26: 13000.
74.
MottoleseRRedout́eJCostesN, et al (2014) Switching brain serotonin with oxytocin. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A111: 8637–8642.
75.
NeumannIDLandgrafR (2019) Tracking oxytocin functions in the rodent brain during the last 30 years: From push-pull perfusion to chemogenetic silencing. J Neuroendocrinol31: e12695.
76.
NeumannIDSlatteryDA (2016) Oxytocin in general anxiety and social fear: A translational approach. Biol Psychiatry79: 213–221.
77.
NunesARGliksbergMVarelaSAM, et al (2021) Developmental effects of oxytocin neurons on social affiliation and processing of social information. J Neurosci41: 8742–8760.
78.
ParkerMOAnnanLVKanellopoulosAH, et al (2014) The utility of zebrafish to study the mechanisms by which ethanol affects social behaviour and anxiety during early brain development. Progr Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry55: 94–100.
79.
Pinheiro-Da-SilvaJAgues-BarbosaTCarolina LuchiariA (2020) Embryonic exposure to ethanol increases anxiety-like behaviour in fry zebrafish. Alcohol Alcohol55: 581–590.
80.
PonzoniLBraidaDBondiolottiG, et al (2017) The non-peptide arginine-vasopressin v1a selective receptor antagonist SR49059 blocks the rewarding prosocial and anxiolytic effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine and its derivatives in zebra fish. Front Psychiatry8: 146.
81.
PonzoniLSalaMBraidaD (2016) Ritanserin-sensitive receptors modulate the prosocial and the anxiolytic effect of MDMA derivatives DOB and PMA in zebrafish. Behav Brain Res314: 181–189.
82.
PonzoniLTehM-TTorres-PerezJV, et al (2021) Increased response to 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) reward and altered gene expression in zebrafish during short- and long-term nicotine withdrawal. Mol Neurobiol58: 1650–1663.
83.
Pose-MéndezSSchrammPValishettiK, et al (2023) Development, circuitry, and function of the zebrafish cerebellum. Cell Mol Life Sci80: 227.
84.
QuintanaDSRokickiJvan der MeerD, et al (2019) Oxytocin pathway gene networks in the human brain. Nat Commun10: 668.
85.
RamosLHicksCCaminerA, et al (2016) MDMA (‘Ecstasy’) oxytocin and vasopressin modulate social preference in rats: A role for handling and oxytocin receptors. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 150–151: 115–123.
86.
RamosLHicksCKevinR, et al (2013) Acute prosocial effects of oxytocin and vasopressin when given alone or in combination with 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine in rats: Involvement of the V1 a receptor. Neuropsychopharmacology38: 2249–2259.
87.
RigneyNde VriesGJPetrulisA (2023) Modulation of social behaviour by distinct vasopressin sources. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 14: 1127792.
88.
RibeiroDNunesARGliksbergM, et al (2020a) Oxytocin receptor signalling modulates novelty recognition but not social preference in zebrafish. J Neuroendocrinol32: e21834.
89.
RibeiroDNunesARTelesM, et al (2020b) Genetic variation in the social environment affects behavioural phenotypes of oxytocin receptor mutants in zebrafish. ELife9: 1–10.
90.
RichendrferHPelkowskiSDColwillRM, et al (2012) On the edge: Pharmacological evidence for anxiety-related behaviour in zebrafish larvae. Behav Brain Res228: 99–106.
91.
RingRHSchechterLELeonardSK, et al (2010) Receptor and behavioural pharmacology of WAY-267464 a non-peptide oxytocin receptor agonist. Neuropharmacology58: 69–77.
92.
RudnickGWallSC (1992) The molecular mechanism of “ecstasy” [3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine (MDMA)]: Serotonin transporters are targets for MDMA-induced serotonin release. Proc Natl Acad Sci89: 1817–1821.
93.
SabihiSDuroskoNEDongSM, et al (2014) Oxytocin in the prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex reduces anxiety-like behaviour in female and male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology45: 31–42.
94.
SchenkSHighgateQ (2021) Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA): Serotonergic and dopaminergic mechanisms related to its use and misuse. J Neurochem157: 1714–1724.
95.
SchnörrSJSteenbergenPJRichardsonMK, et al (2012) Measuring thigmotaxis in larval zebrafish. Behav Brain Res228: 367–374.
96.
SetiniAPierucciFSenatoriO, et al (2005) Molecular characterization of monoamine oxidase in zebrafish (Danio rerio). Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol140: 153–161.
97.
SimmlerLDHysekCMLiechtiME (2011) Sex differences in the effects of MDMA (ecstasy) on plasma copeptin in healthy subjects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab96: 2844–2850.
98.
SteeleSLYangXDebiais-ThibaudM, et al (2011) In vivo and in vitro assessment of cardiac-adrenergic receptors in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Exp Biol214: 1445–1457.
99.
SteenbergenPJRichardsonMKChampagneDL (2011) Patterns of avoidance behaviours in the light/dark preference test in young juvenile zebrafish: A pharmacological study. Behav Brain Res222: 15–25.
100.
StewartARiehlRWongK, et al (2011) Behavioural effects of MDMA (‘ecstasy’) on adult zebrafish. Behav Pharmacol22: 275–280.
101.
SunWWangMZhaoJ, et al (2023) Sulindac selectively induces autophagic apoptosis of GABAergic neurons and alters motor behaviour in zebrafish. Nat Commun14: 5351.
102.
ThompsonMRHuntGEMcGregorIS (2009) Neural correlates of MDMA (‘Ecstasy’)-induced social interaction in rats. Soc Neurosci4: 60–72.
103.
TombariRJMundyPCMoralesKM, et al (2023) Developmental neurotoxicity screen of psychedelics and other drugs of abuse in larval zebrafish (Danio rerio). ACS Chem Neurosci14: 875–884.
104.
Torres-PérezJVAnagianniSMechAM, et al (2023). baz1b loss-of-function in zebrafish produces phenotypic alterations consistent with the domestication syndrome. IScience26: 105704.
VanderplowAMEagleALKermathBA, et al (2021) Akt-mTOR hypoactivity in bipolar disorder gives rise to cognitive impairments associated with altered neuronal structure and function. Neuron109: 1479–1496.e6.
108.
VargaZKPejtsikDBiróL, et al (2020) Conserved serotonergic background of experience-dependent behavioural responsiveness in zebrafish (Danio rerio). J Neurosci40: 4551–4564.
109.
WangBChenJShengZ, et al (2022) Embryonic exposure to fentanyl induces behavioural changes and neurotoxicity in zebrafish larvae. PeerJ10: e14524.
110.
WangLRBaekSS (2018) Treadmill exercise activates PI3K/Akt signalling pathway leading to GSK-3β inhibition in the social isolated rat pups. J Exerc Rehab14: 4–9.
111.
WangSZHuJLongRM, et al (1990) Agonist-induced down-regulation of m1 muscarinic receptors and reduction of their mRNA level in a transfected cell line. FEBS Lett276: 185–188.
112.
WardleMCDe WitH (2014) MDMA alters emotional processing and facilitates positive social interaction. Psychopharmacology231: 4219–4229.
113.
WolffKTsapakisEMWinstockAR, et al (2006) Vasopressin and oxytocin secretion in response to the consumption of ecstasy in a clubbing population. J Psychopharmacol (Oxf)20: 400–410.
114.
WolfsonPEAndriesJFeducciaAA, et al (2020) MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of anxiety and other psychological distress related to life-threatening illnesses: A randomised pilot study. Scient Rep10: 20442.
115.
WongHLevengaJLaplanteL, et al (2020) Isoform-specific roles for AKT in affective behaviour spatial memory and extinction related to psychiatric disorders. ELife9: 1–27.
116.
Wronikowska-DenysiukOMrozekWBudzyńskaB (2023) The role of oxytocin and vasopressin in drug-induced reward-implications for social and non-social factors. Biomolecules13: 405.
117.
XingXZhangJWuK, et al (2019) Suppression of Akt-mTOR pathway rescued the social behaviour in Cntnap2-deficient mice. Scient Rep9: 3041.
118.
YoonSKimYK (2020) The role of the oxytocin system in anxiety disorders. Adv Exp Med Biol1191: 103–120.
119.
YoshidaMTakayanagiYInoueK, et al (2009) Evidence that oxytocin exerts anxiolytic effects via oxytocin receptor expressed in serotonergic neurons in mice. J Neurosci29: 2259–2271.
120.
Yubero-LahozSKuypersKPCRamaekersJG, et al (2015) Changes in serotonin transporter (5-HTT) gene expression in peripheral blood cells after MDMA intake. Psychopharmacology232: 1921–1929.
121.
ZabegalovKNCostaFVKolesnikovaTO, et al (2024) Can we gain translational insights into the functional roles of cerebral cortex from acortical rodent and naturally acortical zebrafish models?Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry132: 110964.
122.
ZimmermannFFGasparyKVSiebelAM, et al (2016) Oxytocin reversed MK-801-induced social interaction and aggression deficits in zebrafish. Behav Brain Res311: 368–374.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
