Drug treatment of chronic insomnia — dawn at the end of a long night?

Alford, C. , Wilson, SJ (2008) Effects of hypnotics on sleep and quality of life in insomnia. In: Verster, JC , Pandi-Perumal, SR , Streiner, DL (eds), Sleep and Quality of Life in Medical Illness. Humana Press, pp. 49-62.

Breslau, N. , Roth, T. , Rosenthal, L. , Andreski, P. (1996) Sleep disturbance and psychiatric disorders: a longitudinal epidemiological study of young adults. Biol Psychiatry 39: 411-418.

Brunello, N. , Bettica, P. , Amato, D. , Maier, G. , Nutt, D. (2008) Pharmacokinetics of (S)-zopiclone and (S)-desmethylzopiclone following dosing with zopiclone and eszopiclone. ECNP Congress 2008. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 18 (Suppl. 4): S581.

Chevalier, H. , Los, F. , Boichut, D. , Bianchi, M. , Nutt, DJ , Hajak, G. , et al. (1999) Evaluation of severe insomnia in the general population: results of a European multinational survey. J Psychopharmacol 13: S21-S24.

de Haas, SL , de Visser, SJ , van der Post, JP , Schoemaker, RC , van Dyck, K. , Murphy, MG , et al. (2008a) Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic effects of MK-0343, a GABA(A) alpha2,3 subtype selective agonist, compared to lorazepam and placebo in healthy male volunteers. J Psychopharmacol 22: 24-32.

de Haas, SL , Franson, KL , Schmitt, JAJ , Cohen, AF , Fau, J-B. , Dubruc, C. , et al. (2008b) The pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of SL65.1498, a GABA-A !2,3 selective agonist, in comparison with lorazepam in healthy volunteers. J Psychopharmacol (in press).

Doble, A. , Martin, IL , Nutt, DJ (2004) Calming the brain: benzodiazepines and related drugs from laboratory to clinic. London: Martin Dunitz Limited.

Dombrovski, AY , Mulsant, BH , Houck, PR , Mazumdar, S. , Lenze, EJ , Andreescu, C. , et al. (2007) Residual symptoms and recurrence during maintenance treatment of late-life depression. J Affect Disord 103: 77-82.

Estivill, SE , Bove, A. , Garcia-Borreguero, D. , Paniagna, J. , Pin, G. , Puertas, FJ , et al. : Insomnia Consensus Group ( 2003) Consensus on drug treatment, definition and diagnosis for insomnia. Clin Drug Investig 23: 351-385.

Fava, M. , Asnis, G. ,, Shrivastava, R. , Lydiard, RB , Bastani, B. , Sheehan, D. , et al. (2008) Improved insomnia symptoms and daily functioning in patients with comorbid major depressive disorder and insomnia following zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg and escitalopram co-treatment. APSS Meeting 2008 Sleep 31 (Abstract Supplement): A324.

Fava, M. , McCall, WV , Krystal, A. , Wessel, T. , Rubens, R. , Caron, J. , et al. (2006) Eszopiclone co-administered with fluoxetine in patients with insomnia coexisting with major depressive disorder. Biol Psychiatry 59: 1052-1060.

Ford, DE , Kamerow, DB (1989) Epidemiological study of sleep disturbances and psychaitric disorders: an opportunity for prevention. JAMA 262: 1479-1484.

Godet-Cayre, V. , Pelletier-Fleury, N. , Le, VM , Dinet, J. , Massuel, MA , Leger, D. (2006) Insomnia and absenteeism at work. Who pays the cost. Sleep 29: 179-184.

Green, A. , Hicks, JA , Weekes, R. , Wilson, SJ (2005) A cognitive-behavioural group intervention for people with chronic insomnia: an initial evaluation. Br J Occup Ther 68: 518-522.

Green, A. , Hicks, JA , Nutt, DJ , Wilson, SJ (2008) BAP Summer Meeting. J Psychopharm 22 (Abstract Supplement): A33.

Holt, RA , Bateson, AN , Martin, IL (1996) Chronic treatment with diazepam or abecarnil differently affects the expression of GABAA receptor subunit mRNAs in the rat cortex. Neuropharmacology 35: 1457-1463.

Jindal, RD , Buysse, DJ , Thase, ME (2004) Maintenance treatment of insomnia: what can we learn from the depression literature. Am J Psychiatry 161: 19-24.

Kopp, C. , Rudolph, U. , Low, K. , Tobler, I. (2004) Modulation of rhythmic brain activity by diazepam: GABA(A) receptor subtype and state specificity. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101: 3674-3679.

Krystal, AD , Walsh, JK , Laska, E. , Caron, J. , Amato, DA , Wessel, TC , et al. (2003) Sustained efficacy of eszopiclone over 6 months of nightly treatment: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in adults with chronic insomnia. Sleep 26: 793- 799.

Leger, D. (1994) The cost of sleep-related accidents: a report for the national commission on sleep disorders research. Sleep 17: 84-93.

Lingford-Hughes, A. , Hume, SP , Feeney, A. , Hirani, E. , Osman, S. , Cunningham, VJ , et al. (2002) Imaging the GABAbenzodiazepine receptor subtype containing the alpha5-subunit in vivo with [11C]Ro15 4513 positron emission tomography. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 22: 878-889.

McKernan, RM , Rosahl, TW , Reynolds, DS , Sur, C. , Wafford, KA , Atack, JR , et al. (2000) Sedative but not anxiolytic properties of benzodiazepines are mediated by the GABA(A) receptor alpha1 subtype. Nat Neurosci 3: 587-592.

Morin, CM , Bootzin, RR , Buysse, DJ , Edinger, JD , Espie, CA , Lichstein, KL (2006) Psychological and behavioral treatment of insomnia:update of the recent evidence (1998-2004). Sleep 29: 1398-1414.

Neckelmann, D. , Mykletun, A. , Dahl, AA (2007) Chronic insomnia as a risk factor for developing anxiety and depression. Sleep 30: 873- 880.

Nutt, DJ (2005a) Death by tricyclic: the real antidepressant scandal . J Psychopharmacol 19: 123-124.

Nutt, DJ (2005b) NICE: The National Institute of Clinical Excellence - or Eccentricity? Reflections on the Z-drugs as hypnotics. J Psychopharmacol 19: 125-127.

Nutt, DJ (2008) presentation at the 50th CINP meeting Munich.

Nutt, DJ , Malizia, AL (2001) New insights into the role of the GABA(A)-benzodiazepine receptor in psychiatric disorder. Br J Psychiatry 179: 390-396.

Nutt, DJ , Taylor, SC , Little, HJ , Standing, BC , Gale, RG (1988) Changes in benzodiazepine / GABA receptor complex function in benzodiazepine tolerant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 95: 407- 412.

Perrault, G. , Morel, E. , Sanger, DJ , Zivkovic, B. (1992) Lack of tolerance and physical dependence upon repeated treatment with the novel hypnotic zolpidem. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 263: 298-303.

Piot, O. , Betschart, J. , Stutzmann, JM , Blanchard, JC (1990) Cyclopyrrolones, unlike some benzodiazepines, do not induce physical dependence in mice. Neurosci Lett 117: 140-143.

Pollack, M. , Kinrys, G. , Krystal, A. , McCall, WV , Roth, T. , Schaefer, K. , et al. (2008) Eszopiclone coadministered with escitalopram in patients with insomnia and comorbid generalized anxiety disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 65: 551-562.

Roth, T. , Walsh, JK , Krystal, A. , Wessel, T. , Roehrs, TA (2005) An evaluation of the efficacy and safety of eszopiclone over 12 months in patients with chronic primary insomnia. Sleep Med 6: 487-495.

Rudolph, U. , Crestani, F. , Benke, D. , Brunig, I. , Benson, JA , Fritschy, JM , et al. (1999) Benzodiazepine actions mediated by specific gamma-aminobutyric acid(A) receptor subtypes. Nature 401: 796- 800.

Sheehan, D. , Asnis, G. , Shrivastava, R. , Lydiard, RB , Bastani, B. , Roth, T. , et al. (2008) Zolpidem extended-release 12.5 mg coadministered with escitalopram improves insomnia symptoms and next-day functioning in generalized anxiety disorder comorbid with chronic insomnia. APSS Meeting 2008 Sleep 31(Abstract Supplement): A325.

Stewart, R. , Besset, A. , Bebbington, P. , Brugha, T. , Lindesay, J. , Jenkins, R. , et al. (2006) Insomnia comorbidity and impact and hypnotic use by age group in a national survey population aged 16 to 74 years. Sleep 29: 1391-1397.

Whiting, PJ (2003) GABA-A receptor subtypes in the brain: a paradigm for CNS drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 8: 445-450.

Wilson, SJ , Nutt, DJ (2007) Treatment of insomnia. Psychiatry 6: 301- 304.