The main evidence base for this paper is the supplement, `Hyperprolactinaemia in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: Clinical implications' (2008) Supplement to the Journal of Psychopharmacology, Vol 22. Additional references to support this paper are given below.
2.
Brown S., Inskip H., Barraclough B. (2000) Causes of the excess mortality of schizophrenia . Brit J Psychiatry177: 212-217
3.
Bun-Hee L., Yong-Ku K. (2006) The relationship between prolactin response and clinical efficacy of risperidone in acute psychotic inpatients. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry30: 658- 662
4.
Bushe C., Shaw M. ( 2008) Prevalence of hyperprolactinaemia in a naturalistic cohort of schizophrenia and bipolar outpatients during treatment with typical and atypical antipsychotics. J Psychopharmacol21: 768-773
5.
Dalton SO, Mellemkjaer L., Thomassen L., Mortensen PB, Johansen C. (2005) Risk for cancer in a cohort of patients hospitalized for schizophrenia in Denmark, 1969-1993. Schizophr Res75: 315-324
6.
Das R., Vonherhaar BK (1997) Prolactin as a mitogen in mammary cells. J Mamm Gland Biol Neoplasia2: 29-39
7.
Dinan T., Thakore J., Citrome L., Gough SCL, Haddad P., Holt RIG, O'Donovan MC, Paton C., Peveler R., Yeomans D., Young I., Pendlebury J. (2005) Metabolic and lifestyle issues and severe mental illness - new connections to well-being?J Psychopharmacol19 (Suppl): 118-122
8.
Halbreich U., Kinon BJ, Gilmore JA, Kahn LS ( 2003) Elevated prolactin levels in patients with schizophrenia: mechanisms and related adverse effects. Psychoneuroendocrinol28(Suppl): 53-67
9.
Holt RIG (2008) Medical causes and consequences of hyperprolactinaemia. A context for psychiatrists. J Psychopharmacol22(Suppl): 28-37
10.
Howard L., Kirkwood G., Leese M. (2007) Risk of hip fracture in patients with a history of schizophrenia. Brit J Psychiatry190: 129-134
11.
Javaid MK, Cooper C. (2002) Prenatal and childhood influences on osteoporosis . Best Practice Res Clin Endocrinol Metab16: 349-367
12.
Kinon BJ, Gilmore JA, Liu H., Halbreich UM (2003) Prevalence of hyperprolactinemia in schizophrenic patients treated with conventional antipsychotic medications or risperidone . Psychoneuroendocrinol28(Suppl): 55-68
13.
Lingjaerde O., Ahlfors UG, Bech P., Dencker SJ, Elgen K. (1987) The UKU side effect rating scale. A new comprehensive rating scale for psychotropic drugs and a cross-sectional study of side effects in neuroleptic-treated patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand334(Suppl): 1-100
14.
McGahuey CA, Gelenberg AJ, Laukes CA, Moreno FA, Delgado PL, McKnight KM, Manber R. (2000) The Arizona Sexual Experience Scale (ASEX): reliability and validity. J Sex Marital Ther26: 25-40
15.
National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health ( 2002) Schizophrenia: core interventions in the treatment and management of schizophrenia in primary and secondary care. London (UK): National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE). Available at: http://;guidance.nice.org.uk/CG1/niceguidance/pdf/English/download.dspx . (Accessed July 5th 2007)
16.
Osborn DJP, Levy G., Nazareth I., Peterson I., Islam A., King MB ( 2007) Relative risk of cardiovascular and cancer mortality in people with severe mental illness from the United Kingdom's General Practice Research Database. Arch Gen Psychiatry64: 242-249
17.
Perks CM, Keith AJ, Goodhew KL, Savage PB, Winters ZE, Holly JM (2004) Prolactin acts as a potent survival factor for human breast cancer cell lines. Brit J Cancer91: 305-311
18.
Serri O., Chik CL, Ur E., Ezzat S. (2003) Diagnosis and management of hyperprolactinemia . Can Med Assoc J169: 575-581
19.
Smith S., O'Keane V., Murray R. (2002) Sexual dysfunction in patients taking conventional antipsychotic medication. Brit J Psychiatry181: 49-55
20.
Taylor D., Paton C., Kerwin R. (2007) The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines. Informa Health Care (9th edition), London, UK. ISBN 10:0 415 42416x
21.
Tworoger SS, Eliassen AH, Rosner B., Sluss P., Hankinson SE (2004) Plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. Cancer Res64: 6814-6819
22.
Tworoger SS, Sluss P., Hankinson SE (2006) Association between plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of breast cancer among predominately premenopausal women. Cancer Res66: 2476-2482
23.
Tworoger SS, Eliassen H., Sluss P., Hankinson S. (2007). A prospective study of plasma prolactin concentrations and risk of premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer. J Clin Oncol25: 1482- 1488
24.
Vonderhaar BK (1989) Estrogens are not required for prolactin induced growth of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Cancer Lett47: 105-110
25.
Vonderhaar BK (1998) Prolactin: the forgotten hormone in breast cancer . Pharmacol Therapeutics79: 169-178
26.
Wesselmann U., Windgassen K. (1995) Galactorrhea: subjective response by schizophrenic patients. Acta Psychiatrica Scand91: 152-155
