Commentary on a critique for the Journal of Psychopharmacology: NICE -excellence or eccentricity? Reflections on the z-drugs as hypnotics review

Agnoli A , Manna V , Martucci N (1989) Double-blind study on the hypnotic and anti-anxiety effects of zopiclone compared with nitrazepam in the treatment of insomnia . Int J Clin Pharmacol Res 9(4): 277-281

Bateson A N (2004) The benzodiazepine site of the GABAA receptor: an old target with new potential? Sleep Med 5 (suppl. 1): S9-S15

Chilcott L A , Shapiro C M (1996) The socioeconomic impact of insomnia. An overview . Pharmacoeconomics 10 (suppl, 1): 1-14

Dement W C , Shapiro C M (1993) ABC of sleep disorders. Impact and epidemiology of sleep disorders . BMJ 12: 1604-1607

Dundar Y , Boland A , Strobl J , Dodd S , Haycox A , Bagust A , Bogg J , Dickson R , Walley T (2004) Newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomina: a systematic review and economic evaluation . Health Technol Assess 8: iii-x, 1-125

Evans S M , Funderburk F R , Griffiths R R (1990) Zolpidem and triazolem in humans: behavioural and subjective effects and abuse liability . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 225(3): 1246-1255

Feinberg I , Fein G , Walker J M , Price L J , Floyd T C , March J D (1977) Flurazepam effects on slow-wave sleep: stage 4 suppressed but number of delta waves constant . Science 198: 847-848

Fleming J A , Bourgouin J , Hamilton P (1988) A sleep laboratory evaluation of the long-term efficacy of zopiclone . Can J Psychiatry 33: 103-107

Follesa P , Mancuso L , Biggio F , Cagetti E , Franco M , Trapani G , Biggio G (2002) Changes in GABA(A) receptor gene expression induced by withdrawal of, but not by long-term exposure to, zaleplon or zolpidem . Neuropharmacology 42(2): 191-198

Gaillard J M , Schultz P , Tissot R (1973) Effects of three benzodiazepines (nitrazepam, flunitrazepam and bromozepam) on sleep normal subjects, studied with an automatic sleep scoring system . Pharmacopsychiatry 6: 207-209

Hajak G , Clarenbach P , Fischer W , Haase W , Ruther E (1994) Zopiclone improves sleep quality and daytime well-being in insomniac patients: comparison with triazolam, flunitrazepam and placebo . Int Clin Psychopharmacol 9: 251-261

Hajak G , Muller W E , Wittchen H U , Pittrow D , Kirch W (2003) Abuse and dependence potential for the non-benzodiazepine hypnotics zolpidem and zopiclone: a review of case reports and epidemiological data . Addiction 98: 1371-1378

Holm K J , Goa K L (2000) Zolpidem: an update of its pharmacology, therapeutic efficacy and tolerability in the treatment of insomnia . Drugs 59(4): 865-889

Jaffe J H , Bloor R , Crome I , Carr M , Alam F , Simmons A , Meyer R E (2004) A postmarketing study of relative abuse liability of hypnotic sedative drugs . Addiction 99(2): 165-173

James S P , Mendelson W B (2004) The use of trazodone as a hypnotic: a critical review . J Clin Psychiatry 65: 752-755

Johnson L C , Hanson K , Bickford R G (1976) Effect of flurazepam on sleep spindles and K-complexes . Electroenceph Clin Neurophysiol 40: 67-77

Klimm H D , Dreyfus J F , Delmotte M (1987) Zopiclone versus nitrazepam: a double-blind comparative study of efficacy and tolerance in elderly patients with chronic insomnia . Sleep 10 (suppl. 1): 73-78

Montplaisir J , Hawa R , Moller H , Morin C , Fortin M , Matte J , Reinish L , Shapiro C M (2003) Zopiclone and zaleplon vs benzodiazepines in the treatment of insomnia: Canadian consensus statement . Hum Psychopharmacol 18(1): 29-38

Nelson L E , Guo T Z , Lu J , Saper C B , Franks N P , Maze M (2002) The sedative component of anesthesia is mediated by GABA(A) receptors in an endogenous sleep pathway . Nat Neurosci 5: 979-984

Nutt D J (2005) Overview of diagnosis and drug treatments of anxiety disorders . CNS Spectr 10(1): 49-56

Poyares D , Guilleminault C , Ohayon M , Tufik S (2004) Chronic benzodiazepine usage and withdrawal in insomnia patients . J Psych Res 38: 327-334

Rudolph U , Mohler H (2004) Analysis of GABAA receptor function and dissection of the pharmacology of benzodiazepines and general anesthetics through mouse genetics . Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 44: 475-498

Salva P , Costa J (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem. Therapeutic implications . Clin Pharmacokinet 29(3): 142-153

Shapiro C M (1982) Energy expenditure and restorative sleep . Biological Psychology 15: 229-239

Shapiro C M , Sherman D , Peck D F (1995) Withdrawal from benzodiazepines by initially switching to Zopiclone . European Psychiatry 10 (suppl. 3): 145s-151s

Shapiro G , Shen J , Shapiro C M (2004) Sleep changes in the depressed older adult: implications for management . Geriatrics and Aging 7: 25-31

Voderholzer U , Riemann D , Hornyak M , Backhaus J , Feige B , Berger M , Hohagen F (2001). A double-blind, randomized and placebo-controlled study on the polysomnographic withdrawal effects of zopiclone, zolpidem and triazolam in healthy subjects . Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 251(3): 117-123

Wagner J , Wagner M L (2000) Non-benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia . Sleep Med Rev 4: 551-581

Weerts E M , Ator N A , Grech D M , Griffiths R R (1998) Zolpidem physical dependence assessed across increasing doses under a once-daily dosing regimen in baboons . J Pharmacol Exp Ther 285(1): 41-53