NICE review: not nice for patients!

American Psychiatric Association (1994) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn.

American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC American Sleep Disorders Association (1990) The International Classification of Sleep Disorders. Diagnostic and Coding Manual. American Sleep Disorder Association, Rochester, NY

Arnedt J T , Wilde G J , Munt P W , MacLean A W (2001) How do prolonged wakefulness and alcohol compare in the decrements they produce in a simulated driving task? Accident Anal Prevent 33: 337-344

Bandura A (1997) Self Efficacy. WH Freeman and Co., New York, NY

Barbone F , McMahon A D , Dayey P G , Morris A D , Reid I C , McDevitt D G , MacDonald T M (1998) Association of road-traffic accidents with benzodiazepine use . The Lancet 352: 1331-1336

British Medical Association (2000) British National Formulary. No. 40. BMA, London

Chevalier H Los F , Boichut D , Bianchi M , Nutt DJ , Hajak G , Hetta J , Hoffmann G , Crowe C (1999) Evaluation of severe insomnia in the general population: results of a European multinational survey . J Psychopharmacol 13(Suppl 1): S21-S24

Department of Health (2000) Hospital Episode Statistics England: Financial Year 1998-99. Government Statistical Service, London

Doghramji K (2000) The need for flexability in dosing of hypnotic agents . Sleep 23(Suppl 1): S16-S20

Drover D R (2004) Comparative pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of short-acting hypnosedatives: zaleplon, zolpidem and zopiclone . Clin Pharmacokinet 43: 227-238

Dundar Y , Boland A , Strobl J , Dodd S , Haycox A , Bagust A , Bogg J , Dickson R , Walley T (2004) Newer hypnotic drugs for the short-term management of insomnia: a systematic review and economic evaluation . Health Technol Assess 8 (24): 1-125

Hemmelgarn B , Suissa S , Huang A , Boivin J-F , Pinard G (1997) Benzodiazepine use and the risk of motor vehicle crash in the elderly . JAMA 278: 27-31

Hindmarch I , Patat A , Stanley N , Paty I , Rigney U (2001) Residual effects of zaleplon and zolpidem following middle of the night administration 5h to one hour before awakening . Hum Psychopharmacol 16: 159-167

Jenkinson C , Wright L , Coulter A (1993) Short form (SF) 36 health survey questionnaire: normative data for adults of working age . BMJ 306: 1437-1440

Leger D (1994) The cost of sleep-related accidents: a report for the National Commission on Sleep Disorder Research . Sleep 17: 84-93

Leger D (1995) The cost of sleepiness . Sleep 18: 281-284

Mendelson W B (1996) The use of sedative/hypnotic medication and its correlation with falling down in the hospital . Sleep 19: 698-701

Menzin J , Lang KM , Levy P , Levy E (2001) A general model of the effects of sleep medication on the risk and cost of motor vehicle accidents and its application to France . Pharmacoeconomics 19: 69-78

Morgan K , Dixon S , Mathers N , Thomson J , Tomeny N (2004) Psychological treatment for insomnia in the regulation of long-term hypnotic drug use . Health Technol Assess 8 (8): 1-68

Neutel C I (1995) Risk of traffic accident injury after prescription for a benzodiazepine . Annals Epidemiol 5: 239-244

Neutel C I , Hirdes J P , Maxwell C J , Patten S B (1996) New evidence of benzodiazepine use and falls: the time factors . Age Ageing 25: 273-278

Nutt D J (2005) NICE: The National Institute of Clinical Excellence - or Eccentricity? Reflections on the z-drugs as hypnotics . J Psychopharmacol 19: 125-127

Ray W A , Gurwitz J , Decker M D , Kennedy D L (1992) Medications and the safety of the older driver: is there a basis for concern? Hum Factors 34: 33-37

Ray WA , Thapa P B , Gideon P (2000) Benzodiazepines and the risk of falls in nursing home residents . J Am Geriatr Soc 48: 682-685

Roth T , Ancoli-Israel S (1999) Daytime consequences and correlates of insomnia in the United States: results of the 1991 National Sleep Foundation Survey II . Sleep 22: S354-S358

Salva P , Costa J (1995) Clinical pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of zolpidem . Therapeutic Implications. Clin Pharmacokinet 29: 142-153

Scharf M B (2001) Individualizing therapy for early, middle-of-the-night and late night insomnia . Int J Clin Pract 116(Suppl): 20-24

Subhan Z , Hindmarch I (1984) Assessing residual effects of benzodiazepines on short term memory . Pharmaceut Med 1: 27-32

Thomas R E (1998) Benzodiazepine use and motor vehicle accidents: systematic review of reported association . Can Family Physician 44: 799-808

Verster J C , Volkerts E R , Schreuder AH , Eijken EJ , van Heuckelum JH , Veldhuijzen DS , Verbaten MN , Paty I , Darwish M , Danjou P , Patat A (2002) Residual effects of middle-of-the-night administration of zaleplon and zolpidem on driving ability, memory functions and psychomotor performance . J Clin Psychopharmacol 22: 576-583

Verster J C , Veldhuijzen D S , Volkerts E R (2004) Residual effects of sleep medication on driving ability . Sleep Med Rev 8: 309-325

Vermeeren A (2004) Residual effects of hypnotics: epidemiology and clinical implications . CNS Drugs 18: 297-328

Wagner J , Wagner M L (2000) Non-benzodiazepine hypnotics for the treatment of insomnia . Sleep Med Rev 4: 551-581

Wang P S , Bohn R L , Glynn R J , Mogun H , Avorn J (2001) Hazardous benzodiazepine regimens in the elderly: effects of half-life, dosage, and duration of hip fracture . Am J Psychiatry 158: 892-898

Wysowski D K , Baum C , Ferguson W J , Lundin F , Ng M-J , Hammerstrom T (1996) Sedative-hypnotic drugs and the risk of hip fracture . J Clin Epidemiol 49: 111-113