This article will define the concepts of smuggling and trafficking in human beings and discuss the difficulty of applying these definitions. The illegal markets that profit from the trafficking of persons will be discussed. The reader will be introduced to the United Nations Global Programme Against Trafficking in Human Beings, and in particular, the pilot project carried out in the Philippines. The experiences of victims of trafficking obtained in the Philippines, Japan and Malaysia will be presented. The discussion closes with brief recommendations to protect and assist victims of exploitation.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AronowitzA.A. (2001). Illegal Practices and Criminal Networks Involved in the Smuggling of Filipinos to Italy. Internal, unpublished document submitted to theUnited Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute and the United Nations Center for International Crime Prevention, December.
2.
AronowitzA.A. (2004). Coalitions Against Trafficking in Human Beings in the Philippines Research and Action Final Report, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime and United Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute, at http://www/unodc.org/pdf/crime/human_trafficking/coalitions_trafficking.pdf.
3.
BalesK.(1999). Disposable People. University of California Press; Berkley.
4.
BeareM.(1999). Illegal migration. In Transnational Crime and Regional Security in the Asia Pacific (HernandezC.PattugalanG., eds). Council for Security Cooperation in the Asia Pacific. Institute for Strategic and Development Studies; The Philippines.
5.
BrussaL. (1999). Health, Migration, Sex Work: The Experience of TAMPEP. Tampep International Foundation; Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
6.
Business Week(2000). Workers in bondage. November 27, 57–68.
7.
CATW (Coalition Against Trafficking in Women) — Asia Pacific. Promoting Women's Rights/Fighting Sexual Exploitation. Brochure with various leaflets and articles, published in celebration of the Tenth Year Anniversary of the CATW.
8.
EUROPOL (1999). General Situation Report 1996–1997: Illegal Immigration. The Hague, The Netherlands, File No. 2562–52.
9.
IOM, International Organization for Migration (2000). Migrant Trafficking and Human Smuggling in Europe: A Review of the Evidence with Case Studies from Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. Geneva, Switzerland.
10.
IOM, International Organization for Migration (2002). Temporary resident permits: Anew way to protect trafficking victims?Trafficking in Migrants, Quarterly Bulletin, No. 25, Spring 1–2.
11.
JantschH. (1998). Law enforcement: Germany's perspective. Report of the U.S.-EU Trafficking in Women Seminar, L'Vi1l, Ukraine, 9–10 July, 51–54.
12.
KellyL.ReganL. (2000). Stopping Traffic: Exploring the Extent of, and Responses to, Trafficking in Women for Sexual Exploitation in the UK. Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research, Development and Statistics Directorate, Home Office; London.
13.
KleemansE.R.van den BergE.A.I.M.van de BuntH.G.(1998). Georganiseerde Criminaliteit in Nederland. Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek en Documentatie Centrum, Ministerie van Justitie.
14.
O'BriainM. (2002). The contribution of the Protocol on Trafficking in Human Beings. The United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime: Requirements for its Effective Implementation. Paper presented at the Symposium, Turin, 22–23 February 2002.
15.
OuldD. (1999). Cross border trafficking and new forms of slavery. Paper presented at the International Conference on New Frontiers of Crime: Trafficking in Human Beings and New Forms of Slavery; Verona, 22–23 October.
16.
PomodoroL.StefanizziS. (1996). Traffico degli eseri umani: Donne e minori: Un'analisi esplorativa (Trafficking in Human Beings: Women and Minors: An Explorative Analysis). Paper presented at ‘The New Slaves: Trafficking in Women and Minors’ conference, sponsored by the Provincial Administration of Milan, Caritas Ambrosiana and the Italian Office of European Parliament, Milan, October 19, 1995. Reprinted in Trends in Organized Crime, Winter 1996; 90.
17.
Rapid Assessment: Human Smuggling and Trafficking from the Philippines (1999). Prepared by theUnited Nations Interregional Crime and Justice Research Institute and the Australian Institute of Criminology. Internal, unpublished report.
18.
RobinsonM. (read by Justice PN Bhagwati) (2000). Presentation by Mary Robinson, United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Japan. Asia-Pacific Symposium on Trafficking in Persons Proceedings, 20 January.
19.
RuggieroV. (1996). Trafficking in human beings — Slave in contemporary Europe. Paper presented at the Law and Society Association and Research Committee on the Sociology of Law of the International Sociological Association Joint Meetings; University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, Scotland, July 10–13. Reprinted inTrends in Organized Crime, Winter 1996; 81–85.
20.
RuggieroV. (1997). Criminals and service providers: Cross-national dirty economies. Crime, Law and Social Change, 28, 27–38.
21.
TaylorI.JamiesonR. (1999). Sex trafficking and the mainstream of market culture: Challenges to organized crime. Presentation at theInternational Conference on ‘New Frontiers of Crime: Trafficking in Human Beings and New Forms of Slavery’. Unpublished paper, UNICRI/Comune de Verona, 22–23 October 1999.
22.
United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, and the UN Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air. http://www.uncjin.orglDocuments/Conventions/dcatoc/final_documents_2/index.htm.
23.
United States Department of State, Trafficking in Persons Report, 2001, http://www.state.gov.
Victims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 (2000). Public Law106–386 — October 28, 2000.
26.
VocksJ.NijboerJ.(1999). Land van Belofte: Een Onderzoek naar Slachtoffers van Vrouwenhandel uit Central en Oost-Europa, University of Groningen, Department of Criminology; Groningen.
27.
VocksJ.NijboerJ.(2000). The promised land: A study of trafficking in women from Central and Eastern Europe to the Netherlands. European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 8, 379–388.
28.
WongD.(1996). ‘Foreign domestic workers in Singapore’. Asian and Pacific Migration Journal, 5, (1) 117–38.
29.
YukawaJ. (1996). Migration from the Philippines 1975–1995: An Annotated Bibliography. Scalabrini Migration Centre; Philippines.
