Botulinum toxin therapy: clinical and financial considerations

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Burgen AS , Dickens F. , Zatman LJ The action of botulinum toxin on the neuromuscular junction. J Physiol 1949; 109: 10-24.

Oates JA , Wood Ajj. Therapeutic uses of botulinum toxin. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1186-94.

D'Costa DF , Abbot RJ Low dose botulinum toxin in spasmodic torticollis. J Soc Med 1991; 110: 650-52.

Marsden CD , Quinn N. The dystonias; neurological disorders affecting 20,00 people in Britain. Br Med J 1990; 300: 139-44.

Elston JS The clinical use of botulinum toxin. Sem Ophthalmol 1988; 3: 249-60.

Scott AB Botulinum toxin injections into extraocular muscles as an alternative to strabismus surgery. Ophthalmol 1980; 87: 1044-49.

Greene MD , Kang MD et al. Double blind, placebo controlled trial of botulinum toxin injections for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis. Neurology 1990; 40: 1213-18.

Moore AP , Blumhardt LD A double blind trial of botulinum toxin 'A' in torticollis, with one year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1991 ; 54: 813-16.

Elston JS The management of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 1992; 239: 5-8.

10.

Jankovic J. , Schwartz K. , Donovan DT Botulinum toxin treatment of cranial-cervical dystonia, spasmodic dysphonia, other focal dystonias and hemifacial spasm . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990;53:633-39.

11.

Hambleton P. , Cohen HE , Palmer JP , Melling J. Antitoxins and botulinum toxin treatment. Br Med J 1992; 304: 959-60.

12.

Zuber M. , Sebald M. , Bathien N. , de Recondo J. , Rondot P. Botulinum antibodies in dystonic patients treated with type A botulinum toxin: frequency and significance. Neurology 1993 ; 43: 1715-18.

13.

Snow BJ , Tsui JK , Bhatt MH , Varelas M. , Hashimoto SA , Calne DB Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a double blind study. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 512-15.