The local treatment of spasticity

Mellin G. , Harjula R. Lung Function in relation to thoracic spinal mobility and kyphosis. Scand J Rehabil Med 1987; 19: 89-92.

Shaw DB , Read J. Hypoxia and thoracic scoliosis. Br Med J 1960 ; 2: 1486-87.

Katz RT Management of Spasticity. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 1988; 67: 108-16.

Connie TA , Sullivan T. , Mackie T. , Goodman M. Effect of serial casting for the prevention of equinus in patients with acute head injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 310-12.

Snook J. Spasticity reduction splint. Am J Occup Ther 1987; 33: 648-51.

Mackinnon J. , Saunderson E. , Buchannen J. The Mackinnon splint - a functional had splint . Can J Occup Ther 1975; 37: 247-54.

Nathan PW Chemical rhizotomy for the relief of spasticity in ambulant patients . Br Med J 1965; 1: 1096-100.

Wilkinson HA , Mark VH , White JC Further experiences with intrathecal phenol for the relief of pain. J Chronic Dis 1964 ; 17: 1055-59.

Wilkinson HA Phenol for posttraumatic spasticity [Letter] . Neurosurgery 1985; 16: 583.

Keenan M. , Todderud E. , Henderson R. , Bottle M. Management of intrinsic spasticity in the hand with phenol injection or neurectomy of the motor branch of the ulnar nerve. J Hand Surg 1987; 12: 734-39.

Keenan MA Management of the spastic upper extremity in the neurologically impaired adult . Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 1988; 233: 116-25.

Jordan C. Current Status of functional lower extremity surgery in adult spastic patients . Clin Orthopaed Rel Res 1988; 233: 105-109.

Kelly RE , Gautier-Smith PC Intrathecal phenol in the treatment of reflex spasms and spasticity . Lancet 1959; ii: 1102-105.

Morris PJ Peripheral arterial disease. In: Weatherall DJ , Ledingham JGG , Warrell DA eds. Oxford textbook of medicine , Volume 13. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1987: 182-93.

Cousins MJ , Dwyer B. , Gibb D. Chronic pain and neurolytic neural blockade. In: Cousins MJ , Bridenbough PO eds. Neural blockade in clinical anaesthesia and management of pain. Philadelphia: JP Lippincott Company, 1988: 1053-84.

Myers RR , Katz J. Neuropathology of neurolytic and semidestructive agents. In: Cousins MJ , Bridenbough PO eds. Neural blockade in clinical anaesthesia and management of pain. Philadelphia: JP Lippincott Company, 1988: 1031-51.

Ackerman WE Phenol Nerve Blocks [Letter]. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1985; 66: 337.

Barnes MP The local treatment of spasticity. In: Ward CD ed. Clinical neurology: International practice and research. Rehabilitation of motor disorders. Ballieres clinical neurology, Volume 2 . London: Balliere Tindall , 1993: 55-71.

Keenan Mae , Tomas ES , Stone L. , Gersten LM Percutaneous phenol block of the musculocutaneous nerve to control elbow flexion spasticity. J Hand Surg 1990 ; 15: 340-46.

Wainapel SF , Labib K. Spastic hemiplegia in a quadriplegic patient: treatment with phenol nerve block. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984; 65: 787-87.

Petrillo C. , Knoploch S. Phenol block of the tibial nerve . Int Disabil Stud 1988; 10: 97-100.

Morrison JE , Matthews D. , Washington R. , Fennessey PV , Harrison LM Phenol motor points in children: plasma concentrations and cardiac dysrhythmias. Anaesthesiology 1991; 75: 359-62.

Gibson Ijm. Phenol block in the treatment of spasticity. Gerentology 1987; 33: 327-30.

Hertz DA , Looman JE , Tiberio A. et al. Management of paralytic spasticity. Neurosurgery 1990; 26: 300-306.

Glenn MB Nerve blocks. In: Glenn MB , Whyte J eds. The practical management of spasticity in children and adults. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1990: 227-58.

Felsenthal G. Nerve blocks in the lower extremities: an automic consideration. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1974; 55: 504-507.

Gunduz Sm Kalyon TA, Dursun H, Mohur H, Bilgic F. Peripheral nerve block with phenol to treat spasticity in spinal cord injured patients. Paraplegia 1992; 30: 808-11.

Keenan Mae. The orthopaedic management of spasticity. J Head Trauma Rehabil 1987; 2: 62-71.

Botte MJ , Keenan Mae. Percutaneous phenol blocks of the pectoralis major muscle to treat spastic deformities. J Hand Surg 1988; 13: 147-49.

Chironna RL , Hecht JS Subscapularis motor point block for the painful hemiplegic shoulder. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1990; 71: 428-29.

Garland DE , Lilling M. , Keenan MA Percutaneous phenol blocks to motor points of spastic forearm muscles in head-injured adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 1984; 65: 243-45.

Anonymous. Botulinum toxin [Editorial]. Lancet 1992; 340: 1508-509.

Alderson K. , Holds JB , Anderson RL Botulinum induced alteration of nerve-muscle interactions in the human orbicularis oculi following treatment for blepharospasm . Neurology 1991; 41: 1800-805.

Pamphlett R. Early terminal and nodal sprouting of motor axons after botulinum toxin. N Neurol Sci 1989; 92: 181-92.

Lange DJ , Rubin M. , Greene PE et al. Distant effects of locally injected botulinum toxin: a double blind study of single fibre EMG changes. Muscle Nerve 1991; 14: 672-75.

Elston JS The management of blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. J Neurol 1992; 239: 5-8.

Lees AJ , Turjanski N. , Rivest J. , Whurr R. , Lorch M. , Brookes G. Treatment of cervical dystonia, hand spasms and laryngeal dystonia with botulinum toxin. J Neurol 1992; 239: 1-4.

Yoshimura DM , Aminoff MJ , Olney RK Botulinum toxin therapy for limb dystonias . Neurology 1992; 42: 627-30.

Zwirner P. , Murry T. , Swenson M. , Woodson GE Effect of botulinum toxin therapy in patients with adductor spasmodic dysphonia: acoustic, aerodynamic and videoendoscopic findings. Laryngoscope 1992; 102: 400-406.

Lyons CJ , Vickers SF , Lee JP Botulinum toxin therapy in dysthyroid strabismus. Eye 1990; 4: 538-42.

Metz HS , Dickey CF Treatment of unilateral acute sixth nerve palsy with botulinum toxin . Am J Ophthalmol 1991; 112: 381-84.

Das TK , Park DM Effect of treatment with botulinum atoxin on spasticity. Postgrad Med J 1989; 65: 208-10.

Das TK , Park DM Botulinum toxin in treating spasticity. Br J Clin Pract 1989; 43: 401-403.

Snow BJ , Tsui JK , Bhatt MH , Varelas M. , Hashimoto SA , Calne DB Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin: a double blind study . Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 512-15.

Borodic GE , Ferrante R. , Wiegner AW , Young RR Treatment of spasticity with botulinum toxin [Letter]. Ann Neurol 1992; 31: 113.