Restricted accessResearch articleFirst published online 1994-08
Negative symptoms in the traumatically brain-injured during the first year postdischarge,and their effect on rehabilitation status,work status and family burden
Approximately one year after discharge from postacute rehabilitation, 47 severely head-injured patients showed physical, cognitive, subjective, emotional and behavioural changes from their preinjury status, according to relatives/carers. Negative symptoms were prominent, and were related to employment status, overall rehabilitation status and relatives'/carers' levels of stress and psychological morbidity.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
McKinlay WW, Brooks DN, Bond MR, Martinage DP, Marshall MMThe short-term outcome of severe blunt head injury as reported by relatives of the injured persons. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1981; 44: 527-33.
2.
Livingston, MG, Brooks DN, Bond MRPatient outcome in the year following severe head injury and relatives' psychiatric and social functioning . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1985; 48: 876-81.
3.
Weddell R., Oddy M., Jenkins D.Social adjustment after rehabilitation: a two year follow-up of patients with severe head injury. Psychol Med1980; 10: 257-63.
4.
Oddy M., Coughlan A., Tyerman A., Jenkins D.Social adjustment after closed head injury: a further follow-up seven years after injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1985; 44: 564-68.
5.
Oddy M., Humphrey M. and Uttley D.Subjective impairment and social recovery after closed head injury . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1978; 41: 611-16.
6.
Livingston MG , Brooks DN, Bond MRThree months after severe head injury: psychiatric and social impact on relatives. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1985; 48: 870-75.
7.
Brooks DN, Aughton MECognitive recovery during the first year after severe blunt head injury . Int Rehabil Med1979; 1: 166-72.
8.
Brooks DN, McKinlay WW. Personality and behavioural change after severe blunt head injury — a relatives' view. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1983; 46: 336-44.
9.
Jennet B., Snoek J., Bond MR, Brooks N.Disability after severe head injury: observations on the use of the Glasgow Outcome Scale. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1981; 44: 285-93.
10.
Thomsen IVThe patient with severe head injury and his family. Scand J Rehabil Med1974; 6: 180-83.
Brooks N., Campsie L., Symington C., Beattie A., McKinlay WW. The effects of severe head injury on patient and relative within seven years of injury. J Head Trauma Rehabil1987; 2: 1-13.
13.
Mitchley N., Gray JM, Pentland B.Burden and coping in the families and carers of the severely head injured (in preparation).
14.
Goldberg D.Manual of the General Health Questionnaire. Windsor : NFER, 1978.
15.
Affleck JW, Aitken Rcb, Hunter Jaa, McGuire RJ, Roy CWRehabilitation status: a measure of medicosocial dysfunction. Lancet1988; i: 230-33.
16.
Oddy M., Humphrey M.Social recovery during the year following severe head injury. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1980; 43: 798-802.
17.
Oddy M., Humphrey M., Uttley D.Subjective impairment and social recovery after closed head injury . J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1978; 41: 611-16.
18.
Elsass L., Kinsella G.Social interaction following severe closed head injury. Psychol Med1987; 17: 67-78.
19.
Wood RLBehaviour disorders following severe brain injury: their presentation and psychological management. In: Brooks N ed. Closed head injury. Psychological, social and family consequences . London: OUP, 1984.
20.
Long DFIssues in behavioural neurology and brain injury. In: Ellis DW, Christensen A eds. Neuropsychological treatment after brain injury. Boston : Kluwer, 1989: 39-90.
21.
O'Shanick JG, Parmalee DX. Psychopharmacological agents in the treatment of brain injury. In: Ellis DW , Christensen A eds. Neuropsychological treatment after brain injury. Boston : Kluwer , 1989: 91-104.
22.
Goodman-Smith A., Turnbull J.A behavioural approach to the rehabilitation of severely brain injured adults. Physiotherapy1983; 69: 393-96.
23.
Eames P., Wood R.Rehabilitation after severe brain injury: a special unit approach to behaviour disorders. IntRehabil Med1985; 7: 130-33.
24.
Eames P., Wood R.Rehabilitation after severe brain injury: a follow-up study of a behaviour modification approach. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry1985; 48: 613-19.
25.
Livingston MGHead injury: the relatives' response. Brain Injury1987; 1: 33-39.
26.
McKinlay WW , Hicox A.How can families help in the rehabilitation of the head injured? J Head Trauma Rehabil1988; 3: 64-72.
