Isokinetic dynamometry offers distinct advantages, both clinically and for research, in the evaluation and treatment of muscle performance. The concepts of isokinetic muscle contractions are outlined and the operation and utilization of isokinetic dynamometers explained. The literature examining the reliability and validity of isokinetic protocols is reviewed. Application of this modality is discussed both from the clinical and research perspective. The existing, but limited, literature on isokinetic dynamometry with the upper limb is reviewed, and recommendations are made as to areas requiring further investigation.
Thistle HG, Hislop H., Moffroid M., Lowman E.Isokinetic contraction: a new concept of resistive exercise. Arch Phys Med Rehabil Res1967; 48: 279-82.
3.
Moffroid M., Whipple R., Hofkosh J., Lowman E., Thistle H.A study of isokinetic exercise. Phys Ther1969; 49: 735-43.
4.
Winter DA, Wells RP, Orr GWErrors in the use of isokinetic dynamometers. Eur J Appl Physiol1981; 46: 397-408.
5.
Hinson MN, Smith WC, Funk S.Isokinetics: a clarification. Res Q1979; 50: 30-35.
6.
Rothstein J ed. Measurement in physical therapy. New York: Churchill Livingstone, 1985.
7.
Sapega AAMuscle performance evaluation in orthopaedic practice. J Bone Joint Surg1990; 72A: 1562-74.
8.
Pentland W., Lo SK, Strauss G.The reliability of upper extremity isokinetic torque measurements with the Kin-Com (II) isokinetic dynamometer. Isokin Exerc Sci (under revision).
9.
Bohannon RW, Smith M.Intrasession reliability of angle specific knee extension torque measurements with gravity correctional. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1989; 11: 155-57.
10.
Karnofel H. , Wilkinson K., Lentell G.Reliability of isokinetic muscle testing at the ankle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1989; 11: 150-54.
Harding B., Black T., Bruulsema A., Maxwell B., Stratford P.Reliability of a reciprocal test protocol performed on the kinetic communicator: an isokinetic test of knee extensor and flexor strength. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1988; 10: 218-23.
13.
Francis K., Hoobler T.Comparison of peak torque values of the flexor and extensor muscle groups using the Cybex II and Lido 2.0 isokinetic dynamometers. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1987; 8: 480-83.
14.
Warner MA, Duncan PW, Harned DJ, Garrett WEA comparison of the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer and Ariel Computerized Exerciser [Abstract]. Phys Ther1985; 65: 730.
15.
Thompson MC, Shingkton LG, Kegerreis STComparison of values generated during testing of the knee using the Cybex II Plus and Biodex Model B-2000 isokinetic dynamometers. J Orthop Sports PhysTher1989; 11: 108-15.
16.
American Psychological Association.Standards for educational and psychological tests. Washington DC: Americal Psychological Association, 1974.
17.
MacDonald PB , Alexander MJ, Frejuk J., Johnson GEComprehensive functional analysis of shoulders following complete acromioclavicular separation. Am J Sports Med1988 ; 16: 475-80.
18.
Walker SW, Couch WH, Boester GA, Sprowl DWIsokinetic strength of the shoulder after repair of a torn rotator cuff. J Bone Joint Surg1987; 69A: 1041-44.
19.
Miyashista M., Kanehisa H.Dynamic peak torque related to age, sex, and performance. Res Q1979; 50: 249-55.
20.
Ellenbecker T., Davies G., Rowinski M.Concentric versus eccentric isokinetic strengthening of the rotator cuff. Am J Sports Med1988; 16: 64-69.
21.
Lander JE, Bates BT, Sawhill JA, Hamill J.A comparison between free-weight and isokinetic bench pressing. Med Sci Sports Exerc1985 ; 17: 344-53.
22.
Knapik J., Ramos M.Isokinetic and isometric torque relationships in the human body. Arch Phys Med Rehabil1980; 61: 64-67.
23.
Highgenboten C., Jackson A., Meske N.Concentric and eccentric torque comparisons for knee extension and flexion in young adult males and females using the Kinetic communicator. Am J Sports Med1988 ; 16: 234-37.
24.
Knapik JJ, Wright JE, Mawdsley RH, Braun J.Isometric isotonic, and isokinetic torque variations in four muscle groups through a range of joint motion. Phys Ther1983; 63: 938-47.
25.
Gransberg L. , Knutsson E.Determination of dynamic muscle strength in man with acceleration controlled isokinetic movements. Acta Physiol Scand1983; 119: 317-20.
26.
Delitto A., Crandell CE, Rose SJPeak torque-to-body weight ratios in the trunk: a critical analysis. Phys Ther1989; 69: 138-43.
27.
Hageman PA, Gillaspie DM, Hill LDEffects of speed ad limb dominance on eccentric and concentric isokinetic testing of the knee. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1988; 10: 59-65.
28.
Komi PVMeasurement of the force-velocity relationship in human muscle under concentric and eccentric contractions. Medicine and sport, volume 8, BiomechanicsIII. 1973: 224-29.
29.
Ng LR, Kramer JSShoulder rotator torques in female tennis and nontennis players. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1991; 13: 40-46.
30.
Zajaczkowska A.Constant velocity in lifting as a criterion in muscular skill. Ergonomics1962; 5: 337-56.
31.
Farrell M., Richards JDAnalysis of the reliability and validity of the kinetic communicator exercise device. Med Sci Sports Exerc1986; 18: 44-49.
32.
Reitz C., Rowinski M., Davies G.Comparison of Cybex II and Kin-Com reliability on the measures of peak torque, work and power, and sport. Athletic Train1988; 18: 110-14.
33.
Hanten WP, Ramberg CLEffect of stabilization on maximal isokinetic torque of the quadriceps femoris muscle during concentric and eccentric contractions. Phys Ther1988; 68: 219-22.
34.
Snow CJ, Johnson K.Reliability of two velocity-controlled tests for the measurement of peak torque of the knee flexors during resisted muscle-shortening and resisted muscle-lengthening . Physiother Can1988; 40(2 suppl): 15.
35.
Tredinnick T., Duncan P.Reliability of measurements of concentric and eccentric loading. Phys Ther1988; 68: 656-59.
36.
Wessel J., Mattison G., Luongo F., Isherwood L.Reliability of eccentric and concentric measurements. Physiother Can1988; 40(2 suppl): 17.
37.
Kramer JF, Hill K., Jones IC, Sandrin M., Vyse M.Effects of dynamometer application arm length on concentric and eccentric torques during isokinetic knee extension. Physiother Can1980; 41: 100-106.
38.
Larsson L., Grimby G., Karlsson J.Muscle strength and speed of movement in relation to age and muscle morphology . J Appl Physiol1979; 46: 451-56.
39.
Murray MP, Gardner GM, Mollinger LA, Sepic SBStrength of isometric and isokinetic contractions. Knee muscles of men aged 20 to 86. Phys Ther1980; 60: 412-19.
40.
Murray MP, Duthie EH, Gambert SR, Sepic SB, Mollinger LAAge-related differences in knee muscle strength in normal women. J Gerontol1985; 40: 275-80.
41.
Pentland W. , Twomey LTThe weight-bearing upper extremity in women with longterm paraplegia. Paraplegia1991; 29: 521-30.
42.
Pentland W.Upper limb function in longterm paraplegia and implications for independence . [Thesis]. Western Australia: Curtin University, 1992.
43.
Kofsky P., Shephard R., Davis G., Jackson R.Muscle strength and aeorbic power - a study of lower-limb disabled males. IntRehabil Med1985; 7: 151-55.
44.
Osternig LRIsokinetic dynamometry: implications for muscle testing and rehabilitation. In: Pandolf K ed. Exerc Sport Sci Rev1986; 14: 45-80.
45.
Rogers KL, Berger KAMotor-unit involvement and tension during maximum voluntary concenric, eccentric, and isometric contractions of the elbow flexors. Med Sci Sports Exerc.1974; 6: 253-59.
46.
Griffin JWDifferences in elbow flexion torque measured concentrically, eccentrically, and isometrically. Phys Ther1987; 67: 1205-1208
47.
Eloranto V., Komi PVFunction of the quadriceps femoris under maximal concentric and eccentric contractions. Elect Clin Phys1980; 20: 159-74.
48.
Walmsley RP, Pearson N., Stymiest P.Eccentric wrist extensor contracts and the force velocity relationship in muscle. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1986; 8: 288-93.
49.
Soderberg GL, Blaschak J.Shoulder internal and external rotation peak torque production through a velocity spectrum in differing positions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther1987; 8: 518-24.
50.
Ivey FM, Calhoun JH, Rusche K., Kierschenk J.Isokinetic testing of shoulder strength: normal values. Arch Phys Med Rehabil Res1985; 66: 384-86.
51.
Peat M.Functional anatomy of the shoulder complex. Phys Ther1986; 66: 1855-65.
52.
Walmsley RPValidation and relevance of the Cybex II isokinetic dynamometer in measurement of shoulder movement [Thesis]. Strathclyde: University of Strathclyde, 1991.
53.
Kulig K., Andrews J., Hay J.Human strength curves. Exerc Sport Sci Rev1984; 12: 417-66.
54.
Deutsch H., Kilani H., Moustafa E., Hamiliton N., Hebert J.Effect of head-neck position on elbow flexor muscle torque production. Phys Ther1987; 67: 517-21.
55.
Hellebrandt FA, Houtz SJ, Partridge MJ, Walters CETonic neck reflexes in exercises of stress in man. Am J Phys Med1956; 35: 144-60.
56.
Wicks J., Oldridge N., Cameron B., Jones J.Arm cranking and wheelchair ergometry in elite spinal cord-injured athletes . Med Sci Sports Exer1983; 15: 224-31.
