Third-sector non-profit associations and voluntarism among Jews developed primarily under stateless conditions for nearly 2000 years during the exile of the Jewish people from its homeland. Only in modern times, with the re-establishment of Jewish statehood, has there been cause to assess and study the relationship between the non-profit sector and the state. This situation in which the voluntary, non-profit `third sector' developed in the absence of a state (and in some ways, acted as a substitute for it) on a worldwide basis for the specific purpose of preserving religious and group identity is a unique phenomenon among the nations of the world (Anheier and Siebel 1990; Powell 1986). This article describes some of the historical roots of the non-profit or `third sector' in Israel from a sociological, religious, political and socio-economic perspective, its relationship to the state, and some comparative trends in other countries.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ANHEIER, H.K. and SIEBEL, W. 1990. The Third Sector: Comparative Studies of Nonprofit Organizations. Berlin: De Gruyter.
2.
BAHAT, D.et al. 1978. The Continuity of Jewish Settlement in the Land of Israel. Tel Aviv: Israel Ministry of Defence.
3.
BARON, S.W. 1952. A Social and Religious History of the Jews. New York: Columbia University Press.
4.
BARTON, L. 1992. The Struggle for Choice: The Case of Disabled People. London: Routledge.
5.
BELYAEVA, N. 1992. `The Independent Sector in the USSR: Formation, Purposes, and Effects', in McCarthy, K.et al. (eds.), The Nonprofit Sector in the Global Community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp. 349-372.
6.
BIRNBAUM, E. 1970. The Politics of Compromise: State and Religion in Israel. Teaneck, NJ: Farleigh Dickinson University Press.
7.
Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel . 1989. Interim Report, April 1989. Jerusalem: Center for Social Policy Studies.
8.
Central Bureau of Statistics . 1985. Survey of Income and Expenditures of Non-Profit Institutions, 1980-1981. Jerusalem: State of Israel.
9.
Central Bureau of Statistics . 1991. Statistical Abstract of Israel 1990 and Consumer Price Index Changes. Jerusalem: State of Israel.
10.
Central Bureau of Statistics . 1992. Statistical Abstract of Israel 1991. Jerusalem: State of Israel.
11.
COHEN, S. and ANTLER, Y. 1985. The Pension System in Israel. Jerusalem: The Brookdale Institute.
12.
DANINO, A. 1978. The Child Favored Family: Large Families in Israel. Haifa: Zahavi Association.
13.
DEMONE, H. and GIBELMAN, M. eds. 1989. Services for Sale: Purchase of Service Contracting in Health and Human Services. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
14.
DORON, A.1992. `The Health Services in Israel: The Prospect for the 1990's'. Social Security38: 5-26.
15.
DORON, A. and KRAMER, R.M. 1991. The Welfare State in Israel: The Evolution of Social Security Policy and Practice. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
16.
DORON, D.1989. `The Economy May Have its Messiah: Shimon Peres'. The Jerusalem Post, June 28.
17.
EISENSTADT, S.N. 1967. Israeli Society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
18.
ELAZAR, D. and DOTORT, A. 1984. Understanding the Jewish Agency for Israel. Jerusalem: The United Israel Appeal.
19.
FISHMAN, A. 1983. `The Religious Kibbutz: Religion, Nationalism, and Socialism in a Communal Framework', in Kranz, E. (ed.), The Sociology of the Kibbutz. New Brunswick: Transaction Books. pp. 115-125.
20.
GOLDSCHEIDER, C. 1986. The American Jewish Community. New York: P.E.F. Israel Endowment Funds.
21.
GOODMAN, P. 1989. Sixty-Six Years of Benevolence. New York: P.E.F. Israel Endowment Funds.
22.
HANKISS, F. 1989. East European Alternatives. Budapest: Kozgazuasagi es Jagi Kanyukiads.
23.
HARTMANN, D.1988. `Faithful to Our Memory'. Israel Scene, April: 6-7.
24.
HOFFMAN, C.1986a. `Where Do All Our Dollars Go?' Series of articles on American Jewish philanthropy. Reprinted from the Baltimore Jewish Times, May-June 1986.
25.
HOFFMAN, C. 1986b. Project Renewal: Community and Change in Israel. Jerusalem: Halberstat.
JAFFE, E. 1988a. Unequal by Chance. Jerusalem: Gefen.
33.
JAFFE, E. 1988b. `A Private Foundation in Israel: The Doron Foundation for Education and Welfare'. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass.
34.
JAFFE, E. 1992. `The Role of Nonprofit Organizations within the Ultra-Orthodox Community in Israel', in McCarthy, K.et al. (eds.), The Nonprofit Sector in the Global Community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp. 290-305.
35.
JAMES, E. ed. 1989. The Nonprofit Sector in International Perspective: Studies in Comparative Culture and Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
36.
Joint Distribution Committee-Israel . 1989. The Israel Association of Community Centers - Facts and Figures. Jerusalem: JDC.
37.
JUNG, L. 1958. Guardians of Our Heritage. New York: Bloch.
38.
KADMAN, Y.et al. 1992. Annual Report for 1991: Activities of National Council for the Child. Jerusalem: National Council for the Child.
39.
KARGER, H.J.1991. `The Crisis of the Israeli Welfare State'. Journal of Social Work and Policy in Israel4 (1): 101-114.
40.
KATZ, J. 1973. Out of the Ghetto. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
41.
KELLNER, Y.1977. `Beginning of Social Policy in the Yishuv of the Land of Israel'. Megamot14/15: 175-191.
42.
KINKHEAD, G.1987. `America's Best-Run Charities'. Fortune, November 9: 145-150.
43.
KIRSCHENBLUM, M.1988. `Religion and Politics'. The Jerusalem Post, June 19.
44.
KOP, Y. and SHARON, D.1992. `Government Expenditure on Personal Social Services'. Social Security38 (June): 63-74.
45.
KRAMER, R.M. 1981. Voluntary Agencies in the Welfare State. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
46.
KUTI, E.1990. `The Possible Role of the Nonprofit Sector in Hungary'. Voluntas1 (1): 26-40.
47.
LIEBMAN, C. 1977. Pressure without Sanctions: The Influence of World Jewry on Israeli Policy. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
48.
LIEBMAN, C. 1990. Religious and Secular: Conflict and Accommodation between Jews in Israel. Jerusalem: Keter Publishing House.
49.
LINZER, N. 1974. `On the Role of Volunteerism in the Jewish Tradition', in Rosenthal, G. (ed.), New Directions in the Jewish Family and Community. New York: Federation of Jewish Philanthropies.
50.
MAOZ, S. and TEMKIN, A.1989. `The Devaluation of (Shimon) Peres'. The Jerusalem Post, June 18.
51.
Matav . 1990. Annual Report of the Homemaker Service. Tel Aviv: Matav Homemaker Service.
52.
McCARTHY, K.et al. 1992. The Nonprofit Sector in the Global Community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
53.
Ministry of Finance . 1987. Budget of the State of Israel. Jerusalem: State of Israel.
54.
Ministry of Religious Affairs . 1987. Budget of the Ministry of Religious Affairs, 1987. Jerusalem: State of Israel.
55.
MUSHER, S. 1987. PEF Israel Endowment Funds, Annual Report. New York: PEF Israel Endowment Funds.
56.
NIKOLOV, S. 1992. `The Emerging Nonprofit Sector in Bulgaria', in McCarthy, K.et al. (eds.), The Nonprofit Sector in the Global Community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp. 333-349.
57.
OFER, G. 1987. `National Expenditures for Social Services', in Kop, Y. (ed.), Allocation of Resources for Social Services, 1986-1987. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel.
58.
O'NEIL, M. 1989. The Third America: The Emergence of the Nonprofit Sector in the United States. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
59.
PELI, P.H.1988a. `A Religious Renaissance: Can it Happen in Israel?'. Moment Magazine, December: 26-31, 53.
60.
PELI, P.H.1988b. `Welfare State in the Torah'. The Jerusalem Post, May 6.
61.
PERLMUTTER, F. and ADAMS, C. 1989. `The Voluntary Sector and For-Profit Ventures: The Transformation of American Social Welfare?' Unpublished paper.
62.
POWELL, W. ed. 1986. The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
63.
RABINOWICZ, H. 1982. Hasidism and the State of Israel. London: Associated University Press.
64.
RABUSHKA, A. and HANKE, S.1989. `Where Has Israel's Labour Force Gone?'. The Jerusalem Post, August 2.
65.
RAVITZKY, A. 1989. `Exile in the Holy Land: The Dilemma of Haredi Jewry', in Medding, P. (ed.), Israel State and Society, 1948-1988. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 89-129.
66.
ROTER, R.et al. 1985. `The Non-Profit Sector and Volunteering', in Kop, Y. (ed.), Israel's Outlays for Human Services. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Center for Social Policy Studies in Israel.
67.
ROTENBERG, M. 1983. Dialogue with Deviance: The Hasidic Ethic and the Theory of Social Contraction. Philadelphia, PA: Ishi Press.
68.
ROTHSCHILD, M.M. 1986. The Haluka: A Facet of the Relationship of Diaspora Jews to the Jews of Eretz Israel from 1810 to 1860. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass.
69.
SACHER, H. 1952. Israel: The Establishment of a State. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson.
70.
SALAMON, L. 1987. `Partners in Public Service: The Scope and Theory of Government Nonprofit Relations', in Powell, W.W. (ed.), The Nonprofit Sector: A Research Handbook. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
71.
SALAMON, L. 1992. America's Nonprofit Sector. New York: The Foundation Center.
72.
SHAPIRO, D. 1987. `A Perspective on North American-Israeli Relationships', Summary of Board Leadership Institute. New York: Council of Jewish Federations.
73.
SHEFFER, G. and MANOR, Y. 1980. `Fund-Raising: Money is not Enough', Bilski, R.et al. (eds.), Can Planning Replace Politics? The Israel Experience. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. pp. 282-319.
74.
SILBERMAN, C. 1985. A Certain People: American Jews and their Lives Today. New York: Summit.
75.
SKLOOT, E. 1988. The Nonprofit Entrepreneur. New York: The Foundation Center.
76.
SPERO, S.1988. `Who Needs Religious Political Parties?'. The Jerusalem Post, May 26.
77.
STOCK, E. 1987. Partners and Pursestrings: A History of the United Israel Appeal. New York: University Press of America.
78.
TALMI, E. and TALMI, M. 1973. The Zionist Lexicon. Jerusalem: World Zionist Organization.
79.
TRETYAKOV, V. 1989. Philanthropy in the Soviet Society. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency.
80.
United Israel Appeal . 1987. Annual Report, 1987. New York: UIA.
81.
United Nations . 1957, 1961, 1975, 1985. `Population Statistics', in United Nations Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations.
82.
VITAL, D. 1978. The Origins of Zionism. Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University Press.
83.
WEINGROD, A. 1965. Israel. London: Pall Mall.
84.
WEISBROD, B.A. 1988. The Nonprofit Economy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
85.
WIENER, A. 1984. Away from Home: The Roots of Child Placement Policy in Israel. Tel Aviv: Sifriat Poalim.
86.
YANAI, U. 1989. `Organization in Transmission: From Government to Non-Government Service Centers'. Unpublished paper; Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
87.
YISHAI, Y. 1989. `State and Welfare Groups: Competition or Cooperation?'. Unpublished paper; Haifa University.
88.
ZHANG, J. 1992. `The Voluntary Sector in the People's Republic of China', in McCarthy, K.et al. (eds.), The Nonprofit Sector in the Global Community. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass. pp. 466-484.
89.
ZIPKIN, A. and BEITZ-MORAI, S. 1992. The Nursing Care Law: A Summary for 1990-1991. Jerusalem: The National Insurance Institute.
