Aetiology of Venous Ulceration — Current Views

Browse N.L. Venous ulceration. Br Med J 1983; 286: 1920–1922.

Wiseman R. Severall Chirurgicall Treatises. London: Rogston & Took, 1676.

Gay J. On varicose diseases of the lower extremeties. The Lettsomian Lectures. 1867. London: Churchill, 1868.

Homans J. The etiology and treatment of varicose ulcer of the leg. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1917; 24: 300–313.

Blalock A. Oxygen content of blood in patients with varices. Arch Surg 1929; 19: 898–905.

Brewer A.C. Varicose ulceration, arteriovenous shunts. Br Med J 1950; ii: 269–270.

Lindemayr W. Loefferer O. Mostbeck A. Partsch H. Arteriovenous shunts in primary varicosis: A critical essay. Vasc Surg 1972; 6: 9–13.

Linton R.R. The communicating veins of the lower leg and the operative technic for their ligation. Ann Surg 1938; 107: 582–593.

Bauer G. The etiology of leg ulcers and their treatment by resection of the popliteal vein. J Int Chir 1948; 8: 937–67.

Recek C. A critical appraisal of the role of ankle perforators for the genesis of venous ulcers in the lower leg. J Cardiovasc Surg 1971; 12: 45–49.

Bjordal R. Circulation patterns in incompetent perforating veins in the calf and in the saphenous system in primary varicose veins. Acta Chir Scand 1972; 138: 257–261.

Cockett F.B. Jones D.E.E. The ankle blow out syndrome. Lancet 1953; 1–17.

Arnoldi C.C. Linderholm H. On the pathogenesis of the venous leg ulcer. Acta Chir Scand 1968; 134: 427–440.

Field P. Van Bosl P. The role of the Linton Flap procedure in the management of stasis dermatitis and ulceration in the lower limb. Surgery 1971; 70: 920–926.

Silver D. Greysteen J.J. Rhodes G.R. Surgical treatment of the refractory post phlebitic ulcer. Arch Surg 1971; 103: 554–558.

Hyde G.L. Litton T.C. Hull D.A. Long term results of subfascial vein ligation for venous stasis disease. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1981; 153: 683–685.

Wilkinson G.E. Maclaren I.F. Long term review of procedures for venous perforator insufficiency. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1986; 163: 117–120.

Whimster I. 1956. Cited by Dodd and Cockett in: Pathology and surgery of the veins of the lower limb. Churchill Livingstone: Edinburgh, 1976.

Burnand K. Clemson G. Morland M . Venous lipodermatosclerosis; Treatment by fibrinolytic enhancement and elastic compression. Br Med J 1980; 20: 264–274.

Burnand K.G. Clemenson G. Whimster I . The effect of sustained venous hypertension on the skin capillaries of the canine hind limb. Br J Surg 1982; 69: 41–44.

Burnand K.G. Whimster I. Clemenson G . The relationship between the number of capillaries in the skin of the venous ulcer-bearing area of the lower leg and the fall in foot pressure during exercise. Br J Surg 1981; 68: 297–300.

Browse N.L. Burnand K.G. The cause of venous ulceration. Lancet 1982; ii: 243–254.

Browse N.L. Gray L. Jarrett P.E.M. Marland M. Blood and vein wall fibrinolytic activity in health and vascular disease. Br Med J 1977; 1: 478–481.

Leach R.D. Venous ulceration, fibrinogen and fibrinolysis. Ann Roy Coll Surg Eng 1984; 66: 258–63.

Clyne C.A.C. Ramsden W.H. Chant A.D.B. Webster J.H.H. Oxygen tension on the skin of the gaiter area of limbs with venous disease. Br J Surg 1985; 72: 644–647.

Hopkins N.F.G. Jamieson C.W. Diffusion barriers in venous ulceration. Roy Soc Med 1985; 78: 355–357.

Fagrell B. Local microcirculation in chronic venous incompetence and leg ulcers. Vasc Surg 1979; 13: 217–225.

Gius J.A. Arteriovenous anastomoses and varicose veins. Arch Surg 1960; 81: 299–308.

Stacey M.C. Burnand K.G. Bhogal B. Pattison M. Preclinical changes of lipodermatosclerosis in 'normal' limbs. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 391.

Bollinger A. Isenring G. Franzeck U.K. Lymphatic microangiopathy in chronic venous insufficiency. Lymphology 1982; 15: 60–65.

Fagrel B. Microcirculatory disturbances — the final cause for venous leg ulcers. Vasa 1982; 11: 101–104.

Stewart J.B. Cherry C.A. Cherry G.W. Ryan T.J. The assessment of lymphatic function in patients with chronic venous leg ulceration. Presentation British Microcirculation Soc. 1988; 8/4/88.

Bollinger A. Speiser D. Haselbach P. Jager K. Microangiopathy of mild and chronic venous incompetence studied by fluorescent videomicroscopy. Phlebology '85. John Libbey, London, 1786, p. 751–753.

Smith P.D. Coleridge Thomas P. Scurr J.H. Dormandy J.A. Causes of venous ulceration: A new hypothesis. Br Med J 1988; 296: 1726–1727.

Durrochet M.H. Recherches Anatomiques et Physiologiques sur la Structure intime des Animaux et des Vegetaux, et sur leur Motilite. Paris; Bailliere et Fils, 1824.

Addison W. Experimental and practical researches on the structure and function of blood corpuscles. Trans Provinc Med Surg Assoc 1832; 11: 233–253.

Harlan J.M. Leukocyte-endothelial interactions. Blood 1985; 65(3): 513–525.

O'Flaherty J.T. Craddock P.R. Jacob H.S. Effect of intravascular complement activation on granulocyte adhesiveness and distribution. Blood 1978; 51: 731–739.

Suttorp N. Simon L.M. Lung cell oxidant injury. Enhancement of polymorphonuclear leucocyte-mediated cytotoxicity in lung cells exposed to sustained in vitro hyperoxia. J Clin Invest 1982; 70: 342–350.

Shasby D.M. Fox R.B. Harada R.N. Repine J.E. Reduction of the edema of acute hyperoxic lung injury by granulocyte depletion. Am J Physiol 1982; 52: 1237–1244.

Jorgensen L. Packham M.A. Roswell H.C. Mustard J.F. Deposition of formed elements of blood on the intima and signs of intimal injury in the aorta of rabbit, pig and man. Lab Invest 1972; 27: 341–350.

Joris I. Zand T. Nunnari J.J. Studies on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. Adhesion and emigration of mononuclear cells in the aorta of hypercholesterolemic rats. Am J Pathol 1983; 113: 341–358.

Trillo A.A. The cell population of aortic fatty streaks in African Green Monkeys with special reference to granulocytic cells. Atherosclerosis 1982; 43: 259–275.

Bagge U. Karlson R. Maintenance of white blood cell margination at the passage through small venular junctions. Microvas Res 1980; 20: 92–95.

Amundson B. Jennische E. Haljamae H. Correlative analysis of microcirculatory and cellular metabolic events in skeletal muscle during haemorrhagic shock. Acta Physiol Scand 1980; 108: 147–158.

Friedman G.D. Klatsky A.L. Siegelaub A.B. The leukocyte count as a predictor of myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1974; 290: 1275–1278.

Romson J.L. Hook B.G. Kunckle S.L. Reduction of the extent of ischemic myocardial injury by neutrophil depletion in the dog. Circulation 1983; 67: 1016–1023.

Zalokar J.B. Richard J.L. Claude J.R. Leukocyte count, smoking and myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 1981; 304: 465–468.

Engler R.L. Schmid-Schönbein G.W. Pavelec R.S. Leukocyte capillary plugging in myocardial ischaemia and reperfusion in the dog. Am J Pathol 1983; iii (i): 98–111.

Mayrovitz H.N. Wiedeman M.P. Tuma R.F. Factors influencing leukocyte adherence in microvessels. Thrombos Haemostas 1977; 38: 823–830.

Schmid-Schönbein G.W. Fung Y.C. Zweifach B.W. Vascular endothelium – Leukocyte interaction. Circ Res 1975; 36: 173–184.

Nobis U. Pries A.R. Cokelet G.R. Gaehtgens P. Radial distribution of white cells during blood flow in small tubes. Microvas Res 1985; 29: 295–304.

Schmid-Schönbein G.W. Usami S. Skalak R. Chein S. The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary vessels. Microvas Res 1980; 19: 45–70.

Wilkinson P.C. Lackie J.M. The adhesion, migration and Chemotaxis of leucocytes in inflammation. Curr Topics Pathol 1979; 68: 47–88.

Atherton A. Born G.V.R. Quantitative investigation of the adhesiveness of P.M.N.'s. J Physiol 1972; 222: 447–474.

Beesley J.E. Pearson J.D. Carlton J.S. Interaction of leukocytes with vascular cells in culture. J Cell Sci 1978; 33: 85–101.

Hoover R.L. Folger R. Haering W.A. Adhesion of leukocytes to endothelium: Roles of divalent cations, surface charge, chemotactic agents and substrate. J Cell Sci 1980; 45: 73–86.

Mayrovitz H.N. Tuma R.F. Wiedeman M.P. Leukocyte adherence in arterioles following extravascular trauma. Microvas Res 1980; 20: 264–274.

Schmid-Schönbein G.W. Usami S. Skalak R. Chein S. The interaction of leukocytes and erythrocytes in capillary and postcapillary vessels. Microvas Res 1980; 19: 45–70.

Ward P.A. Leukotaxis and leukotactic disorders. Am J Path 1974; 77: 520–538.

Buchanan M.R. Crowley C.A. Rosin R.E. Studies on the interaction between GP-18-O-deficient neutrophils and vascular endothelium. Blood 1982; 60: 160–165.

Boogaerts M.A. Yamada O. Jacob H.S. Moldow C.F. Enhancement of granulocyte-endothelial cell adherence and granulocyte-induced cytotoxicity by platelet release products. Proc Natl Acad Sci 1982; 79: 7019–7023.