Retrograde cerebral perfusion: clinical and experimental aspects

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

DeBakey ME , Crawford ES , Cooley DA , Morris GC. Successful resection of fusiform aneurysm of aortic arch with replacement of homograft . Surg Gynecol Obstet 1957; 105: 657-657 .

Borst HG , Shaudig AWR. Arterio-venous fistula of the aortic arch: repair during deep hypothermia and circulatory arrest . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1964; 48: 443-447 .

Lillehei CW , Todd DB , Levy MJ , Ellis RJ. Partial cardiopulmonary bypass, hypothermia and total circulatory arrest. A life-saving technique for ruptured mycotic aortic aneurysms, ruptured left ventricle and other complicated cardiac pathology . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1969; 58: 530-544 .

Griepp RB , Stinson EB , Hollingsworth JF , Buehler D. Prosthetic replacement of the aortic arch . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1975; 70: 1051-1063 .

Wolin LR , White RJ , Massopust LC, Jr , Austin JC , Austin PE. Absence of behavioral modifications with prolonged cerebral ischemia under deep hypothermia . Surgical Forum 1974; 25: 453-455 .

Treasure T , Naftel DC , Conger KA , Garcia JH , Kirklin JW , Blackstone EH. The effect of hypothermic circulatory arrest time on cerebral function, morphology, and biochemistry. An experimental study . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983; 86: 761-770 .

Kramer RS , Sanders AP , Lesage AM , Woodhall B , Sealy WC. The effect of profound hypothermia on preservation of cerebral ATP content during circulatory arrest . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1968; 56: 699-709 .

Fisk GC , Wright JS , Hicks RG et al. The influence of duration of circulatory arrest at 20°C on cerebral changes . Anaesth Intensive Care 1976; 4: 126-134 .

Folkerth TL , Angell WW , Fosburg RG , Oury JH. Effect of deep hypothermia, limited cardiopulmonary bypass, and total arrest on growing puppies . Recent Adv Stud Cardiac Struct Metab 1975; 10: 411-421 .

10.

Svensson LG , Crawford ES , Hess KR et al. Deep hypothermia with circulatory arrest. Determinants of stroke and early mortality in 656 patients . J Thor Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 106: 19-28 [discussion 28-31].

11.

Dobell AR , Bailey JS. Charles Drew and the origins of deep hypothermic circulatory arrest . Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 1193-1199 .

12.

Roach GW , Kanchuger M , Mangano CM et al. Adverse cerebral outcomes after coronary bypass surgery. Multicenter Study of Perioperative Ischemia Research Group and the Ischemia Research and Education Foundation Investigators . N Engl J Med 1996; 335: 1857-1863 .

13.

Welz A , Pogarell O , Tatsch K , Schwarz J , Cryssagis K , Reichart B.

Surgery of the thoracic aorta using deep hypothermic total circulatory arrest. Are there neurological consequences other than frank cerebral defects?

Eur J Cardiothor Surg 1997; 11: 650-656 .

14.

Ergin MA , Griepp EB , Lansman SL , Galla JD , Levy M , Griepp RB. Hypothermic circulatory arrest and other methods of cerebral protection during operations on the thoracic aorta . J Card Surg 1994; 9: 525-537 .

15.

Grabenwoger M , Ehrlich M , Cartes-Zumelzu F et al. Surgical treatment of aortic arch aneurysms in profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest . Ann Thor Surg 1997; 64: 1067-1071 .

16.

Wong CH , Bonser RS.

Does retrograde cerebral perfusion affect stroke and mortality risk factors following hypothermic circulatory arrest?

Ann Thorac Surg 1999 (in press).

17.

Reich DL , Ergin MA , Uysai S et al. Neuropsychological outcome following deep hypothermic circulatory arrest . American Association for Thoracic Surgery, 78th Annual Meeting, May 3-6, 1998.

18.

Galla JD , Ergin MA , Lansman SL et al. Identification of risk factors in patients undergoing thoracoabdominal aneurysm repair . J Card Surg 1997; 12(2 Suppl): 292-299 .

19.

Okita Y , Takamoto S , Ando M et al. Predictive factors for postoperative cerebral complications in patients with thoracic aortic aneurysm . Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1996; 10: 826-832 .

20.

Mezrow CK , Gandsas A , Sadeghi AM et al. Metabolic correlates of neurologic and behavioral injury after prolonged hypothermic circulatory arrest . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 959-975 .

21.

Mezrow CK , Midulla PS , Sadeghi AM et al. Evaluation of cerebral metabolism and quantitative electroencephalography after hypothermic circulatory arrest and low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass at different temperatures . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 1006-1019 .

22.

Burtis CA , Ashwood ER eds. Tietz textbook of clinical chemistry, 2nd edn. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders , 1994.

23.

Coselli JS. Retrograde cerebral perfusion is an effective means of neural support during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest . Ann Thor Surg 1997; 64: 908-912 .

24.

Mills NL , Ochsner JL. Massive air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Causes, prevention, and management . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980; 80: 708-717 .

25.

Hu J , Van Eldik LJ. S100 beta induces apoptotic cell death in cultured astrocytes via a nitric oxide-dependent pathway . Biochim Biophys Acta 1996; 1313: 239-245 .

26.

Tseng EE , Brock MV , Lange MS et al. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase inhibition reduces neuronal apoptosis after hypothermic circulatory arrest . Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 1639-1647 .

27.

Baumgartner WA , Redmond M , Brock M et al. Pathophysiology of cerebral injury and future management . J Card Surg 1997; 12(2 Suppl): 300-310 [discussion 310-11].

28.

Busto R , Dietrich WD , Globus MY , Valdes I , Scheinberg P , Ginsberg MD. Small differences in intraischemic brain temperature critically determine the extent of ischemic neuronal injury . J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1987; 7: 729-738 .

29.

Usui A , Oohara K , Liu TL et al. Comparative experimental study between retrograde cerebral perfusion and circulatory arrest . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1994; 107: 1228-1236 .

30.

Nojima T , Magara T , Nakajima Y et al. Optimal perfusion pressure for experimental retrograde cerebral perfusion . J Card Surg 1994; 9: 548-559 .

31.

Watanabe T , Iijima Y , Abe K et al. Retrograde brain perfusion beyond the venous values. Hemodynamics and intracellular pH mapping . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 111: 36-44 .

32.

Filgueiras CL , Winsborrow B , Ye J et al. A 31p-magnetic resonance study of antegrade and retrograde cerebral perfusion during aortic arch surgery in pigs . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 110: 55-62 .

33.

Sakurada T , Kazui T , Tanaka H , Komatsu S. Comparative experimental study of cerebral protection during aortic arch reconstruction . Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 1348-1354 .

34.

Lemole GM , Strong MD , Spagna PM , Karmilowicz NP. Improved results for dissecting aneurysms. Intraluminal sutureless prosthesis . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1982; 83: 249-255 .

35.

Lemole GM. Operation for type A aortic dissection [letter; comment] . Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 1863-1864 .

36.

Amarasena GA , Parry AJ , Johnston B , Pillai R. Continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion during an aortic arch operation . Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 1566-1567 .

37.

Lin PJ , Chang CH , Tan PP et al.

Prolonged circulatory arrest in moderate hypothermia with retrograde cerebral perfusion. Is brain ischemic?

Circulation 1996; 94(9 Suppl): II169-II172 .

38.

[erratum appears in Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 228-228 ].

39.

Takamoto S , Matsuda T , Harada M , Miyata S , Shimamura Y. Simple hypothermic retrograde cerebral perfusion during aortic arch replacement. A preliminary report on two successful cases . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104: 1106-1109 .

40.

Okamoto H , Sato K , Matsuura A et al. Selective jugular cannulation of safer retrograde cerebral perfusion . Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55: 538-540 .

41.

Coselli JS. Retrograde cerebral perfusion via a superior vena caval cannula for aortic arch aneurysm operations . Ann Thorac Surg 1994; 57: 1668-1669 .

42.

Murkin JM.

Retrograde cerebral perfusion: is the brain really being perfused?

J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesthesia 1998; 12: 249-251 .

43.

de Brux JL , Subayi JB , Pegis JD , Pillet J. Retrograde cerebral perfusion: anatomic study of the distribution of blood to the brain . Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 1294-1298 .

44.

Ueda Y , Miki S , Okita Y et al. Protective effect of continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion on the brain during deep hypothermic systemic circulatory arrest . J Card Surg 1994; 9: 584-594 [discussion 594-95].

45.

Fukae K , Nakashima A , Hisahara M , Kawachi Y , Masuda M , Yasui H. Maldistribution of the cerebral blood flow in retrograde cerebral perfusion . Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 1995; 9: 496-500 [discussion 500-501].

46.

Crittenden MD , Roberts CS , Rosa L et al. Brain protection during circulatory arrest . Ann Thorac Surg 1991; 51: 942-947 .

47.

Furuzawa Y , Hirose H , Sasaki E , Takagi H , Bando M. Distinctive microcirculation of the brain during cerebral perfusion by observation with a CCD microscope . ASAIO J 1996; 42: M423-M428 .

48.

Nojima T , Mori A , Watarida S , Onoe M. Cerebral metabolism and effects of pulsatile flow during retrograde cerebral perfusion . J Cardiovasc Surg 1993; 34: 483-492 .

49.

Boeckxstaens CJ , Flameng WJ. Retrograde cerebral perfusion does not perfuse the brain in nonhuman primates . Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 319-327 [discussion 327-28].

50.

Ye J , Ryner L , Kozlowski P et al. Retrograde cerebral perfusion results in flow distribution abnormalities and neuronal damage: a magnetic resonance and histolopathological study in pigs . Circulation 1998; 98(suppl): II-313-II-318 .

51.

Ganzel BL , Edmonds HL, Jr , Pank JR , Goldsmith LJ. Neurophysiologic monitoring to assure delivery of retrograde cerebral perfusion . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 113: 748-755 [discussion 755-57].

52.

Rigg CD , Clutton-Brock TH. Near-infrared spectroscopy changes during hypothermic circulatory arrest with retrograde cerebral perfusion . Anaesthesia 1997; 52: 356-359 .

53.

Yoshimura N , Ataka K , Okada M , Yamashita C , Yoshimura K , Kobayashi S. Directly visualized cerebral circulation during retrograde cerebral perfusion . J Cardiovasc Surg 1996; 37: 553-556 .

54.

Yoshimura N , Ataka K , Okada M , Yamashita C , Yoshimura K , Kobayashi S. Ophthalmoscopic findings demonstrate reduced cerebral blood flow during retrograde cerebral perfusion . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 591-593 .

55.

[erratum appears in Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 1228-1228 ].

56.

Zimmerman AA , Burrows FA , Jonas RA , Hickey PR. The limits of detectable cerebral perfusion by transcranial Doppler sonography in neonates undergoing deep hypothermic low-flow cardiopulmonary bypass . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114: 594-600 .

57.

Buket S , Alayunt A , Discigil B , Apaydin A , Yuksel M , Durmaz I. Continuous retrograde cerebral perfusion supplies substrates for brain metabolism during hypothermic circulatory arrest . Perfusion 1995; 10: 237-244 .

58.

Bavaria JE , Pochettino A. Retrograde cerebral perfusion (RCP) in aortic arch surgery: efficacy and possible mechanisms of brain protection . Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 9: 222-232 .

59.

Usui A , Oohara K , Murakami F , Ooshima H , Kawamura M , Murase M. Body temperature influences regional tissue blood flow during retrograde cerebral perfusion . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1997; 114: 440-447 .

60.

Ganong WF. Review of medical physiology. 18th edn. Stamford: Appleton & Lange , 1997.

61.

Nojima T , Onoe M , Magara T et al. Experimental retrograde cerebral perfusion via bilateral maxillary vein in dogs [letter; comment] . Ann Thorac Surg 1996; 61: 1289-1291 .

62.

Ohhara K , Usui A , Hotta T et al. Cerebral renal and hepatic tissue blood flow during retrograde inferior vena caval perfusion - an experimental study in dogs [in Japanese] . Nippon Kyobu Geka Gakkai Zasshi [Journal of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery] 1993; 41: 205-210 .

63.

Usui A , Hotta T , Hiroura M et al. Retrograde cerebral perfusion through a superior vena caval cannula protects the brain . Ann Thorac Surg 1992; 53: 47-53 .

64.

Juvonen T , Weisz DJ , Wolfe D et al. Can retrograde perfusion mitigate cerebral injury after particulate embolization? A study in a chronic porcine model . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998; 115: 1142-1159 .

65.

Shime N , Hatanaka T , Fukui M , Tojo H , Yoshioka M , Yang M. Oxygen transport and hemodynamics during retrograde whole-body perfusion . J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesthesia 1995; 9: 164-167 .

66.

Nojima T , Mori A , Watarida S et al. Experimental studies on retrograde cerebral perfusion: efficacy of clamping of the venous blood flow through IVC cannula [in Japanese] . Kyobu Geka [Japanese Journal of Thoracic Surgery] 1993; 46(8 Suppl): 690-694 .

67.

Safi HJ , Iliopoulos DC , Gopinath SP et al. Retrograde cerebral perfusion during profound hypothermia and circulatory arrest in pigs . Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 59: 1107-1112 .

68.

Yoshimura N , Okada M , Ota T , Nohara H. Pharmacologic intervention for ischemic brain edema after retrograde cerebral perfusion . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 1173-1181 .

69.

Harris DN , Oatridge A , Dob D , Smith PL , Taylor KM , Bydder GM. Cerebral swelling after normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass . Anesthesiology 1998; 88: 340-345 .

70.

Harris DN , Bailey SM , Smith PL , Taylor KM , Oatridge A , Bydder GM. Brain swelling in first hour after coronary artery bypass surgery . Lancet 1993; 342: 586-587 .

71.

Watanabe T , Shimasaki T , Kuraoka S , Abe H , Iijima Y , Washio M. Retrograde cerebral perfusion against massive air embolism during cardiopulmonary bypass [letter] . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1992; 104: 532-533 .

72.

Yerlioglu ME , Wolfe D , Mezrow CK et al. The effect of retrograde cerebral perfusion after particulate embolization to the brain . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 110: 1470-1484 [discussion 1484-85].

73.

Raskin SA , Coselli JS. Retrograde cerebral perfusion: overview, techniques and results . Perfusion 1995; 10: 51-57 .

74.

Griepp RB , Juvonen T , Griepp EB , McCollough JN , Ergin MA. Is retrograde cerebral perfusion an effective means of neural support during deep hypothermic circulatory arrest? [comment] . Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 64: 913-916 .

75.

Bavaria JE , Woo YJ , Hall RA , Wahl PM , Acker MA , Gardner TJ. Circulatory management with retrograde cerebral perfusion for acute type A aortic dissection . Circulation 1996; 94(9 Suppl): II173-II176 .

76.

Deeb GM , Jenkins E , Bolling SF et al. Retrograde cerebral perfusion during hypothermic circulatory arrest reduces neurologic morbidity . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1995; 109: 259-268 .

77.

Safi HJ , Letsou GV , Iliopoulos DC et al. Impact of retrograde cerebral perfusion on ascending aortic and arch aneurysm repair . Ann Thorac Surg 1997; 63: 1601-2107 .

78.

Cheung ATB , Weiss JE , Patterson SJ , Streker T. Neurophysiologic effects of retrograde cerebral perfusion used for aortic reconstruction . J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesthesia 1998; 12: 252-259 .

79.

Coselli JS , LeMaire SA. Experience with retrograde cerebral perfusion during proximal aortic surgery in 290 patients . J Card Surg 1997; 12(2 suppl): 322-325 .

80.

Ehrlich M , Fang W , Grabenwoger M , Cartes-Zumelzu F , Wolner E , Havel M. Periopertive risk factors for mortality in patients with acute type A aortic dissection . Circulation 1998; 98(suppl): II-294-II-298 .

81.

Wong C , Bonser R. S-100 protein in stroke and cardiac surgery . Stroke 1998; 29: 2446-2447 .

82.

Wong C , Rooney S , Bonser R. S100 release in hypothermic circulatory arrest and coronary artery surgery . Ann Thorac Surg 1999 (in press).