Monitoring oxygenator gas exchange performance

Kurusz M. , Wheeldon DR Perfusion safety. Perfusion 1988; 3: 97-112.

Roughton Fjw. Transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide. In: Fenn WO, Rahn H eds. Handbook of physiology, Section 3: Respiration, Volume 1. Washington DC: American Physiological Society, 1964:767-825.

Spaeth EE Blood oxygenation in extracorporeal devices: theoretical considerations . CRC Crit Rev Bioeng 1973; 1: 383-417.

Eberhart RC , Dengle SK , Curtis RM Mathematical and experimental methods for design and evaluation of membrane oxygenators. Artif Organs 1978; 2: 19-34.

Mayes Pjd , Gaylor Jds , Lim BH et al. Modelling of gas exchange in membrane oxygenators. In: Barbenel JC, Fisher AC, Gaylor JDS, Angerson WJ, Sheldon CD eds. Blood flow in artificial organs and cardiovascular prostheses . Oxford: Oxford Science Publications , 1989: 184-91.

Dorringtn KL , Ralph ME , Bellhouse BJ , Gardaz J-P. , Sykes MK Oxygen and CO 2 transfer of a dimpled membrane lung with variable secondary flows . J Biomed Eng 1985; 7: 89-99.

Kelman GR Calculation of certain indices of cardiopulmonary function using a digital computer. Respir Physiol 1966; 1: 325-43.

Gabel RA Algorithms for calculating and correcting blood gas and acid base variables . Report M1/80. Natick, MA: US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, 1978.

Willis N. , Clapham M. The validity of oxygen content calculations. Clin Chem Acta 1985;150 : 213-20.

Kelman GR Digital computer procedure for the conversion of PCO2 into blood CO2 content. Respir Physiol 1967 ; 3: 111-15.

Galletti PM , Richardson PD , Snider MT , Friedman LJ A standardized method for defining the overall gas transfer performance of artificial lungs . Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1972; 18: 359-68.

Abbott TR , Goodwin B. , Clark G. , Rees GJ Mass spectrometer measurement of oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide exchange during cardiopulmonary bypass. Br J Anaesth 1980; 52: 29-40.

Galletti PM , Brecher GA Heart lung bypass. Principles and techniques of extracorporeal circulation . New York: Grune and Stratton , 1962.

Murphy W. , Trudell LA , Friedman LJ et al. Laboratory and clinical experience with a microporous membrane oxygenator. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1974; 20: 278-85.

Pearson DT , Holden MP , Poslad SJ , Murray A. , Waterhouse PS. A clinical evaluation of the performance characteristics of one membrane and five bubble oxygenators: gas transfer and gaseous microemboli production. Perfusion 1986; 1: 15-26.

Clayton RH , Murray A. , Pearson DT Assessment of oxygen transfer in membrane oxygenators during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1992 ; 13: 167-77.

Pearson DT Blood gas control during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 1988; 3 : 113-33.

Claremont DJ , Pagdin TM Evaluation of a new reusable electrode for continuous monitoring of blood PO2 during open-heart surgery . J Med Eng Technol 1985; 9 : 174-79.

Hill AG , Groom RC , Vinansky RP , Lefrack EA On-line or offline blood gas analysis: cost vs time vs accuracy. Proc Am Acad Cardiovasc Perf 1985; 6: 148-54.

Poslad SJ , Pearson DT , Murray A. Clinical comparison of one in vitro and three in line blood gas PO 2 sensors during cardiopulmonary bypass. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1987; 8 : 249-59.

Hahn Cew. Blood gas measurement. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1987; 8: 3-39.

Sugioka K. Continuous measurement of PaCO2, pH and bicarbonate in humans. In: Kimmich HP ed. Monitoring of vital parameters during extracorporeal saturation. Basel: Karger, 1981: 138-42.

Seitz WR Chemical sensors based on fibre optics. Analytical Chem 1984; 56: 16A-34A.

Peterson JI , Goldstein SR , Fitzgerald RV Fibre optic pH probe for physiological use. Analytical Chem 1980;52:864-69.

Lubbers DW , Optiz N. Optical fluorescence sensors for continuous measurement of chemical concentrations in biological systems. Sensors Actuators 1983; 4: 641-54.

Anderson NM , Sekelj P. Studies on the light transmission of nonhemolyzed whole blood. Determination of oxygen saturation. J Lab Clin Med 1965; 65: 153-66.

Mook GA , Osypka P. , Sturm RE , Wood EH Fibre optic reflection photometry on blood. Cardiovasc Res 1968; 2: 199-209.

Riley JB , Young MR , Kauffman JN et al. In line oxygen saturation monitor. J Extra-Corporeal Technol 1983;15: 54-58.

Parker D. , Delpy DT , Halsall DN A new approach to inline gas monitoring: development of an oxygen sensor . Med Biol Eng Comput 1983; 21: 134-37.

Alston RP , Trew A. An in vitro assessment of a monitor for continuous in line measurement of PO2, PCO2 and pH during cardiopulmonary bypass. Perfusion 1987; 2: 139-47.

Riley JB Prediction of arterial bloodpCO2 by measuring the ventilating gas exhaust pCO2 from a bubble oxygenator. J Extra-Corporeal Technol 1982; 14: 312-15.

Cilley RE , Wesley JR , Zwischenberger JB , Toomasian JM , Bartlett RH Method of pulmonary and membrane lung gas exchange measurement during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1986; 32 : 525-29.

Dearing JP , Crawford FA , Kratz JM , Stroud M. Clnical use of a new oxygenator J Extra-Corporeal Technol 1984; 16 : 126-29.

Burton GW Measurement of inspired and expired oxygen and carbon dioxide. Br J Anaesth 1969; 41 : 723-29.

Kokache R. Oxygen analyzers. In: Webster JG ed. Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation. New York: John Wiley, 1988: 2154-61.

Coombes RG , Halsall D. Carbon dioxide analyzers. In: Webster JG ed. Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation. New York: John Wiley, 1988: 556-64.

Clayton RH Bubble and membrane oxygenators for use during cardiac surgery: comparative evaluation and assessment of function [PhD thesis]. Newcastle upon Tyne: University of Newcastle upon Tyne 1989.

Riley JB A technique for computer assisted monitoring in the management of total heart-lung bypass. J Extra-Corporeal Technol 1981; 13: 171-76.

Newland PE , Pastoria-Pinol JV , McMillan J. , Stirling GR A report on the use of five bubble oxygenators for cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Anaesth Intensive Care 1982 10: 45-49.

Pearson DT , Holden MP , Poslad SJ , Murray A. , Waterhouse PS A clinical evaluation of the gas transfer characteristics and gaseous microemboli production of two bubble oxygenators. Life Support Systems 1984; 2 : 252-66.

Petrini MF Pulmonary function testing. In: Webster JG ed. Encyclopedia of medical devices and instrumentation. New York: John Wiley, 1988: 2379-95.

Adams AP , Hahn Cew. Principles and practice of blood-gas measurement. San Francisco: Franklin, 1975.

Takatani S. , Noda H. , Takano H. , Tetsuzo A. A miniature hybrid reflection type optical sensor for measurement of hemoglobin content and oxygen saturation of whole blood. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng 1988; 35: 187-98.

Riley JB , Hurdle MB , Winn BA , Wagoner PA Automation of cardiopulmonary bypass data collection. J Extra-Corporeal Technol 1985; 17: 7-12.

Hood AG Validity of traditional blood gas analyzer and oxygen tension measurements . Proc Am Acad Cardiovasc Perf 1984 ; 5: 33-38.

Nunn JF Applied respiratory physiology, second edition. London: Butterworths, 1977.

Murkin JM Cbf , CMRO2 and PaCO 2 during CPB. The influence of acid-base management on cerebral blood flow and metabolism during cardiopulmonary bypass. Proc Am Acad Cardiovasc Perf 1986; 7: 121-23.

Henriksen L. Brain luxury perfusion during cardiopulmonary bypass in humans. A study of the cerebral blood flow response to changes in CO2, O2 and blood pressure. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 1986; 6: 366-78.

Curtis RM , Eberhart RC Normalisation of oxygen transfer data in membrane oxygenators. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1974; 20: 210-18.

Gaylor Jds , Smeby LC The Taylor-Vortex membrane oxygenator: design analysis based on a predictive correlation for oxygen transfer. In: Dawids SG, Engell HC eds. Physiological and clinical aspects of oxygenator design . Luxembourg: Elsevier/North Holland , 1976: 65-76.

Shykoff BE , Landau J. , Scott RN , AlTaweel AM Oxygen transfer across a reciprocating membrane. Med Biol Eng Comput 1983; 21: 688-96.

Bramson ML , Osborn JJ , Gerbode F. The membrane lung. In: Ionescu MI, Wooler GH eds. Current techniques in extracorporeal circulation. London: Butterworths, 1976: 65-90.

Mockros LF , Leonard R. Compact cross flow tubular oxygenators. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs 1985; 31 : 628-33.

Sinkewitch M. , Meserko J. Early clinical experience with Terumo's new hollow fibre membrane oxygenator: Capiox II. J Extra-Corporeal Technol 1983;15: 104-108.

Ward BD , Hood AG Comparative performance of clinical membrane lungs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1974; 68: 830-36.