Haemostatic changes during cardiopulmonary bypass

Nurden AT , Caen JP Membrane glycoproteins and human platelet function. Br J Haematol1978; 38 : 155-60.

Rink TJ , Smith SW , Tsien RY Intracellular free calcium in platelet shape change and aggregation . J Physiol1982; 324 : 53P.

Moncada S. , Vane JR Pharmacology and endogenous roles of prostaglandin endoperoxides, thromboxane A2 and prostacyclin. Pharmacol Rev1978; 30: 293-331.

Parise LV The structure and function of platelet integrins. Current Opinion in Cell Biology1989; 1: 947-52.

Phillips DR , Charo IF , Parise LV , Fitzgerald LA The platelet membrane glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex. Blood1988; 71: 831-43.

Weiss HJ , Hawiger J. , Ruggeri ZM , Turrito VT , Thiagarajan P. , Hoffmann T. Fibrinogen-independent platelet adhesion and thrombus formation on subendothelium mediated by glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex at high shear rates . J Clin Invest1989; 83 : 288-97.

Hemker HC The mode of action of heparin in plasma. In: Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J eds, Thrombosis and haemostasis , Leuven: Leuven University Press, 1987: 17-36.

Mann KG , Tracy PB , Krishnaswamy S. , Jenny RJ , Odegaard BH , Nesheim ME Platelets and coagulation. In: Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J eds, Thrombosis and haemostasis , Leuven: Leuven University Press , 1987: 505-23.

Rosing J. , Tans G. , Govers-Riemslag JW , Zwaal RF , Hemker HC The role of phospholipids and factor Va in the prothrombinase complex . J Biol Chem1980; 255 : 274-83.

Nemerson Y. , Repke D. Tissue factor accelerates the activation of coagulation factor VII: the role of a bifunctional cofactor . Thromb Res1985; 40 : 351-58.

Miletich JP , Jackson CM , Majerus PW Properties of the factor Xa binding site on human platelets. J Biol Chem1978 ; 253: 6908-16.

Lammle B. , Griffin JH Formation of the fibrin clot: the balance of procoagulant and inhibitory factors. Clin Haematol1985; 14: 281- 342.

Miles LA , Greengard JS , Griffin JH A comparison of the abilities of plasma kallikrein, Factor XIIa and urokinase to activate plasminogen. Thromb Res1983; 29: 407-17.

Schapira M. , Despland E. , Scott CF , Boxer LA , Colman RW Purified human plasma kallikrein aggregates human blood neutrophils. J Clin Invest1982; 69 : 1199-1202.

Wachtfogel YT , Kucich U. , James HL et al . Human plasma kallikrein releases neutrophil elastase during blood coagulation. J Clin Invest1983; 72 : 1672-77.

Ghebrehiwet B. , Silverberg M. , Kaplan AP Activation of the classical pathway of complement by Hageman factor fragment. J Exp Med ; 153: 665-76.

Pixley RA , Schapira M. , Colman RW Effect of heparin on the inactivation rate of human activated factor XII by antithrombin III. Blood1985 ; 66: 198-203.

Lahiri B. , Bagdasarian A. , Mitchell B. , Talamo RC , Colman RW , Rosenberg RD Antithrombin-heparin cofactor: an inhibitor of plasma kallikrein . Arch Biochem Biophys1976; 175: 737-47.

Scott CF , Schapira M. , Colman RW Effect of heparin on the inactivation rate of human XIa by antithrombin III. Blood1982; 60: 940-47.

Salama A. , Hugo F. , Heinrich D. et al . Deposition of terminal C5b-9 complement complexes on erythrocytes and leucocytes during cardiopulmonary bypass. N Engl J Med1988; 381 : 408-14.

Chenoweth DE Complement activation in extracorporeal circuits . In: Leonard EF, Turitto VT, Vroman L eds, Blood in contact with natural and artificial surfaces, Annals NY Acad Sciences1987; 516: 303-13.

Chenoweth DE , Cooper SW , Hugli TE et al. Complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Evidence of generation of C3a and C5a anaphylatoxins . N Engl J Med1981; 304: 498-503.

Goodman MG , Chenoweth DE , Weigle WO Induction of interleukin-1 secretion and enhancement of humoral immunity by binding of human C5a to macrophage surface C5a receptors. J Exp Med1982; 156 : 912-17.

Bachmann F. Fibrinolysis. In: Verstraete M, Vermylen J, Lijnen R, Arnout J eds, Thrombosis and haemostasis. Leuven : Leuven University Press, 1987 : 227-65.

Lijnen HR , Collen D. Interactions of plasminogen activators and inhibitors with plasminogen and fibrin. Semin Thromb Haemostas1982 ; 8: 2-10.

Aoki N. , Harpel PC Inhibitors of the fibrinolytic enzyme system. Semin Thromb Haemostas1984; 10 : 24-41.

Baier RE , Dutton RC Initial events in interactions of blood with a foreign surface. J Biomed Mater1969; 3 : 191-206.

Brash JL The fate of fibrinogen following adsorption at the blood-biomaterial interface . In: Leonard EF, Turitto VT, Vroman L eds, Blood in contact with natural and artificial surfaces. Annals NY Acad Sciences1987; 516: 206-22.

Vroman L. , Adams AL , Fischer GC , Munoz PC Interaction of high molecular weight kininogen, factor XII, and fibrinogen in plasma at interfaces. Blood1980 ; 55: 156-59

Vroman L. Methods of investigating protein interactions on artificial and natural surfaces . In Leonard EF, Turitto VT, Vroman L eds, Blood in contact with natural and artificial surfaces. Annals NY Acad Sciences1987; 516: 300-305.

Ahmed A. , Kesteven PJ , Williams BT , Savidge GF Changes in platelet number and function throughout cardiopulmonary bypass; unpublished.

Friedenburg WR , Myers WO , Plotka ED et al . Platelet dysfunction associated with cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg1978; 25 : 298-305.

Hope AF , Heyns A du P. , Lotter MG et al. Kinetics and sites of sequestration of indium 111-labelled platelets during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1981; 81: 880-86.

Musial J. , Niewiarowski S. , Hershock D. , Morinelli TA , Colman RW , Edmunds LH Loss of fibrinogen receptors from the platelet surface during simulated extracorporeal circulation. J Lab Clin Med1985; 105: 514-22.

Wenger RK , Lukasiewicz H. , Mikuta BS et al . Loss of platelet fibrinogen receptors during clinical cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1989; 97: 235-39.

George JN , Pickett ED , Saucerman S. et al . Platelet surface glycoproteins. Studies on resting and activated platelets and platelet microparticles in normal subjects, and observations in patients during adult respiratory distress syndrome and cardiac surgery. J Clin Invest1986; 78: 340-48.

Harker LA , Malpass TW , Branson HE , Hessel Ii Ea , Slichter SJ Mechanism of abnormal bleeding in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass: acquired transient platelet dysfunction associated with selective alpha-granule release. Blood1980; 56: 824-34.

Huddleston CB , Hammon JW , Wareing TH et al. Amelioration of the deleterious effects of platelets activated during cardiopulmonary bypass. Comparison of a thromboxane synthetase inhibitor and a prostacyclin analogue. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1985; 89: 190-95.

McKenna R. , Bachmann F. , Whittaker B. , Gilson JR , Weinberg M. The haemostatic mechanism after open-heart surgery. II. Frequency of abnormal platelet functions during and after extracorporeal circulation . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1975; 70: 298-308.

Edmunds LH , Ellison N. , Colman RW et al . Platelet function during cardiac operation. Comparison of membrane and bubble oxygenators. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1982; 83: 805-12.

Addonizio VP , Macarak EJ , Nicolaou KC , Edmunds LH , Colman RW Effects of prostacyclin and albumin on platelet loss during in vitro simulation of extracorporeal circulation. Blood1979; 53: 1033-42.

Longmore DB , Bennett G. , Gueirrara D. et al. Prostacyclin: a solution to some problems of extracorporeal circulation. Experiments in greyhounds. Lancet1979; i: 1002-1005.

Heinrich D. , Schleussner E. , Wagner WL et al . Prostacyclin in aortocoronary bypass surgery: a double-blind placebo-controlled study. Thromb Res1983; 32 : 409-26.

Laufer N. , Merin G. , Grover NB , Pessachowicz B. , Borman JB The influence of cardiopulmonary bypass on the size of human platelets . J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1975; 70: 727-31.

Mohr R. , Golan M. , Martinowitz U. , Rosner E. , Goor DA , Ramot B. Effect of cardiac operation on platelets. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1986; 92 : 434-41.

Horrow J. Protamine: a necessary evil. In: Ellison N, Jobes DR eds, Effective hemostasis in cardiac surgery, Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1988 : 15-40.

Bull BS , Korpman RA , Huse WM , Briggs BD Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. I. Problem inherent in existing heparin protocols. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1975; 69: 674-84 .

Bull BS , Huse WM , Brauer FS , Korpman RA Heparin therapy during extracorporeal circulation. II. The use of dose-response curve to individualize heparin and protamine dosage. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1975; 69: 685-89.

Ireland H. , Rylance PB , Kesteven PJ Heparin as an anticoagulant during extracorporeal circulation. In: Lane DA, Lindahl U eds, Heparin, London: Edward Arnold, 1989: 549-74.

Davies GC , Sobel M. , Salzman EW Elevated plasma fibrinopeptide A and thromboxane B2 levels during cardiopulmonary bypass. Circulation1980; 61: 808-14.

Stefaniszyn HJ , Novick RJ , Salerno TA Toward a better understanding of the haemodynamic effects of protamine and heparin interaction. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1984; 87 : 678-86.

Wachtfogel YT , Harpel PC , Edmunds LH , Colman RW Formation of Cls-C1-inhibitor, kallikrein-C1-inhibitor and plasmin-alpha-2 antiplasmin inhibitor complexes during cardiopulmonary bypass. Blood1989; 73: 468-71.

Stibbe J. , Kluft C. , Brommer EJ , Gomes M. , de Jong DS , Nauta J. Enhanced fibrinolytic activity during cardiopulmonary bypass in open-heart surgery in man is caused by extrinsic (tissue-type) plasminogen activator . Eur J Clin Invest1984 ; 14: 375-82.

Delrossi AJ , Cernaianu AC , Lemole GM , Moore R. Prophylactic treatment of postperfusion bleeding using EACA. Chest1989; 96: 27-30.

van Oeveren W. , Eijsman L. , Roozendaal KJ , Wildevuur Ch R. Platelet preservation by aprotinin during cardiopulmonary bypass. Lancet1988 ; 8586 : 640.

Bidstrup BP , Royston D. , Sapsford R. , Taylor KM Reduction in blood loss and blood use after cardiopulmonary bypass with high dose aprotinin (Trasylol). J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1989; 97: 364-72.

van Oeveren W. , Jansen NJ , Bidstrup BP et al. Effects of aprotinin on hemostatic mechanisms during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Thorac Surg1987; 44: 640-45.

Adelman B. , Michelson AD , Loscalzo J. , Greenberg J. , Handin RI Plasmin effect on platelet glycoprotein Ib-von Willebrand factor interactions . Blood1985; 65: 32-40.

Lindon JN , McManama G. , Kushner L. , Merrill EW , Salzman EW Does the conformation of adsorbed fibrinogen dictate platelet interactions with artificial surfaces?Blood1986 ; 68: 355-62.

Brash JL , Thibodeau JA Identification of proteins adsorbed from human plasma to glass bean columns: plasmin-induced degradation of adsorbed fibrinogen. J Biomed Mater Res1986; 20 : 1263-75.

Sacks T. , Moldow CF , Craddock PR , Bowers TK , Jacob HS Oxygen radicals mediate endothelial cell damage by complement-stimulated granulocytes. J Clin Invest1978; 61: 1161-67.

Tamiya T. , Yamasaki M. , Maeo Y. , Yamashiro T. , Ogoshi S. , Fujimoto S. Complement activation in cardiopulmonary bypass with special reference to anaphylatoxin production in membrane and bubble oxygenators. Ann Thorac Surg1988; 46 : 47-57.

Riegel W. , Spillner G. , Schlosser et al. Plasma levels of the main granulocyte components during cardiopulmonary bypass. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg1988; 95: 1014-19.

Wachtfogel YT , Pixley RA , Kucich U. et al . Purified plasma factor XIIa aggregates human neutrophils and causes degranulation . Blood1986; 67: 1731-37.

Moore FD , Warner KG , Assousa S. et al . The effects of complement activation during cardiopulmonary bypass. Ann Surg1988 ; 208: 95-103.