Hypoalbuminemia is a predictor of mortality in patients with cardiogenic shock requiring veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Abstract

Introduction

Hypoalbuminemia is predictive of mortality in critically ill patients, especially those with cardiac etiologies of illness. The objective of this study was to determine the association of albumin level pre-cannulation for veno-arterial (V-A) extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and important clinical hospital outcomes.

Methods

This was a retrospective, observational cohort study of albumin levels in patients with cardiogenic shock requiring V-A ECMO between December 2015 and August 2021 in a single, high-volume ECMO center. The primary outcome was in-hospital mortality.

Results

Of 434 patients assessed, 318 were included. The overall mean pre-ECMO albumin was 3 ± 0.8 g/dL and mean albumin at 72 hours post-cannulation was 2.7 ± 0.5 g/dL. For patients with pre-ECMO albumin ≤3 g/dL vs. >3 g/dL, in-hospital mortality was 44.9% vs. 27.5%, respectively (p = .002). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, higher albumin (per 1 g/dL increase) at time of V-A ECMO initiation was associated with decreased odds of in-hospital mortality (OR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.48-0.96; p = .03). Patients with a pre-ECMO albumin ≤3 g/dL required significantly more platelet transfusions and had higher incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding during V-A ECMO support (both p < .05).

Conclusions

Hypoalbuminemia at time of cannulation is significantly associated with in-hospital mortality and ECMO-related complications including platelet transfusion and gastrointestinal bleeding. Albumin levels at the time of consideration of V-A ECMO may serve as a key prognostic indicator and may assist in effective decision-making regarding this invasive and costly resource.

Graphical Abstract