The pathophysiology of chronic heart failure

Abstract

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

McFate Smith W. Epidemiology of congestive heart failure . Am J Cardiol 1985; 55: 3A-8A .

Coats AJS. Myocardial revascularisation: the search for the Holy Grail . Int J Cardiol 2000; 73: 1-2 .

European Heart Failure Training Group . Experience from controlled trials of physical training in chronic heart failure: protocol and patient factors in effectiveness in the improvement in exercise tolerance . Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 466-475 .

Cowie MR , Mostered A , Wood DA et al. The epidemiology of heart failure . Eur Heart J 1997; 18: 208-225 .

Murdoch DR , Love MP , Robb SD et al. Importance of heart failure as a cause of death. Changing contribution to overall mortality and coronary heart disease mortality in Scotland 1979-1992 . Eur Heart J 1998; 19: 1829-1835 .

Cowie MR , Wood DA , Coats AJ et al. Incidence and aetiology of heart failure; a population-based study . Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 421-428 .

Cowie MR , Streuthers AD , Wood DA et al. Value of natriuretic peptides in assessment of patients with possible new heart failure in primary care . Lancet 1997; 350: 1349-1353 .

McDonagh TA , Robb SD , Murdoch DR et al. Biochemical detection of left-ventricular systolic dysfunction . Lancet 1998; 351: 9-13 .

Poole-Wilson PA. Chronic heart failure: causes, pathophysiology, prognosis, clinical manifestations, investigations. In: Poole-Wilson PA , ed. Diseases of the heart. London: Ballière-Tindall , 1989: 48-57.

10.

Fireth BG , Dunnmon PM. Left ventricular dilatation and failure post-myocardial infarction: pathophysiology and possible pharmacological interventions . Cardiovasc Drug Therapy 1990; 4: 1363-1374 .

11.

Tan LB. Clinical and research implications of new concepts in the assessment of cardiac pumping performance in heart failure . Cardiovasc Res 1987; 21: 615-622 .

12.

Niebauere J , Clark AL , Ankere SD , Coats AJS. Three year mortality in heart failure patients with very low left ventricular ejection fractions . Int J Cardiol 1999; 70: 245-247 .

13.

Coats AJS , Clark AL , Piepoli M , Volterrani M , Poole-Wilson PA. Symptoms and quality of life in heart failure; the muscle hypothesis . Br Heart J 1994; 72 (suppl): S36-S39 .

14.

Florea VG , Mareeyev VY , Achilov AA , Popovici MI , Coats AJ , Belenkov YN. Central and peripheral components of chronic heart failure: determinants of exercise tolerance . Int J Cardiol 1999; 70: 51-56 .

15.

Piepoli M , Ponikowski PP , Volterrani M , Francis D , Coats AJS.

Aetiology and pathophysiological implications of oscillatory ventilation at rest and during exercise in chronic heart failure: do Cheyne and Stokes have an important message for modern-day patients with heart failure?

Eur Heart J 1999; 20: 946-953 .

16.

Harrington D , Anker SD , Chua TP et al. Skeletal muscle function and its relation to exercise tolerance in chronic heart failure . J Am Coll Cardiol 1997; 30: 1758-1764 .

17.

Berry C , McMurray JJ. Elevated serum and monocyte tumour necrosis factor alpha in patients with congestive heart failure . Int J Cardiol 1999; 71: 263-264 .