This article explores ways in which studies in second language acquisition (SLA) research can illuminate first language acquisition research. The discussion revolves around the issues of learner strategies, individual variation, the acquisition of late learned structures, bilingualism, the role of Universal Grammar (UG) and the fate of obsolete knowledge in acquisition. It is argued that second language research in these (and other) areas can provide fresh insights into familiar problems and raise issues not commonly given consideration in first language acquisition studies.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bailey, N., Madden, C. and Krashen, S.1974: Is there a 'natural sequence' in adult second language learning? Language Learning21, 235-43.
2.
Bernstein, B.1981: Codes, modalities and the process of cultural reproduction: a model. Language in Society10, 327-65.
3.
Birdsong, D.1992: Ultimate attainment in second language acquisition. Language68, 706-55.
4.
Bley-Vroman, R.1989: What is the logical problem of foreign language learning? In Gass, S. and Schachter, J., editors, Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5.
Bley-Vroman, R. and Chaudron, C.1990: Second language processing of subordinate clauses and anaphora - first language and universal influences: a review of Flynn's research . Language Learning40, 245-85.
6.
Bloom, P.1990: Subjectless sentences in child language. Linguistic Inquiry21, 491-504.
7.
Borer, H. and Wexler, K.1987: The maturation of syntax. In Roeper, T. and Williams, E., editors, Parameter setting. Dordrecht: Reidel.
8.
Bowerman, M.1973: Early syntactic development. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press.
9.
Brown, R.1973: A first language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
10.
Brumfit, C.1984: Communicative methodologies in language teaching - the roles of fluency and accuracy. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
11.
Celce-Murcia, M. and Hilles, S.1988: Techniques and resources in teaching grammar. New York: Oxford University Press.
12.
Chomsky, N.1981: Lectures on government and binding. Dordrecht: Foris.
13.
Cook, V.1988: Chomsky's Universal Grammar: an introduction. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
14.
Coppieters, R.1987: Competence differences between native and non-native speakers . Language63, 544-73.
15.
Cowper, E.1992: A concise introduction to syntactic theory: the government-binding approach. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
16.
Crain, S. and McKee, C.1985: Acquisition of structural anaphora. In Berman, S., Choe, J. W. and McDonough, J., editors, Proceedings of the 16th Northeastern Linguistic Society meeting. Amherst, MA: Graduate Linguistics Student Association .
17.
Cummins, J.1981: Bilingualism and minority language children: language and literacy series. Toronto: OISE Press.
18.
Dulay, H. and Burt, M.1974: Natural sequences in child second language acquisition . Language Learning24, 37-53.
19.
Foster, S.1990: The communicative competence of young children. Harlow: Longman.
20.
Fromkin, V. and Rodman, R.1988: An introduction to language (fourth edition). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
21.
Gass, S.M.1989: Language universals and second-language acquisition. Language Learning39, 497-534.
22.
Gass, S. and Selinker, L. , editors, 1992: Language transfer in language learning. Amsterdam: John Benjamins .
23.
Grosjean, F.1982: Life with two languages: an introduction to bilingualism . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
24.
Hansen, J. and Stansfield, C.1981: The relationship of field dependent-independent cognitive styles to foreign language achievement. Language Learning31, 349-67.
25.
Hilles, S.1986: Interlanguage and the pro-drop parameter. Second Language Research2, 33-52.
26.
Huang, J.1970: A Chinese child's acquisition of English syntax. Unpublished MA TESL thesis, UCLA.
27.
Hyams, N.1986: Language acquisition and the theory of parameters. Dordrecht: Reidel.
28.
— 1992: A reanalysis of null subjects in child language. In Weissenborn, J., Goodluck, H. and Roeper, T., editors, Theoretical issues in language acquisition. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
29.
Ioup, G.1992: J: an exception to the critical period hypothesis? Paper presented to the American Association of Applied Linguistics . Seattle.
30.
Jaeggli, O.1982: Topics in romance syntax. Dordrecht : Foris.
31.
Karmiloff-Smith, A.1979: Language development after five. In Fletcher, P. and Garman, M., editors, Studies in language acquisition, Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
32.
Kellerman, E. and Sharwood-Smith, M., editors, 1986: Cross-linguistic influence in second language acquisition. New York: Pergamon Press.
33.
Krashen, S.1976: Formal and informal linguistic environments in language acquisition and learning. TESOL Quarterly10, 157-68.
34.
Lakshmanan, U.1991: Morphological unity and null subjects in child second language acquisition. In Eubank, L., editor, Point/ counterpoint: Universal Grammar in the second language . Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
35.
— 1992: 'The boy for the cookie' - some evidence for the nonviolation of the case filter in child second language acquisition. Southern Illinois Working Papers in Linguistics and Language Teaching1, 11-36. Southern Illinois University at Carbondale .
36.
Larsen-Freeman, D. and Long, M.1991: An introduction to second language research. Harlow: Longman.
37.
LeBeaux, D.1988: Language acquisition and the form of the grammar. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
38.
Long, M.1990: Maturational constraints on language development. Studies in Second Language Acquisition12, 251-85.
39.
McDaniel, D. and Cairns, H.S.1990: The child as informant: eliciting linguistic intuitions from young children. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research19, 331-44.
40.
McLaughlin, D.1978: The monitor model: some methodological considerations . Language Learning28, 309-32.
41.
McLaughlin, B., Rossman, T. and McLeod, B.1983: Second-language learning: an information processing perspective . Language Learning33, 135-58.
42.
McLeod, B. and McLaughlin, B.1986: Restructuring and automaticity? Language Learning36, 109-23.
43.
Nelson, K.1981: Individual differences in language development: implications for development and language. Developmental Psychology17, 170-87.
44.
Neufeld, G.1979: Towards a theory of language learning ability. Language Learning29, 227-41.
45.
Odlin, T.1989: Language transfer. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
46.
Peters, A.1977: Language learning strategies: does the whole equal the sum of the parts?Language53, 560-73.
47.
Phinney, M.1987: The pro-drop parameter in second language acquisition . In Roeper, T. and Williams, E., editors, Parameter setting. Dordrecht: Reidel.
48.
Pinker, S.1984: Language learnability and language development. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
49.
Radford, A.1990: Syntactic theory and the acquisition of English syntax . Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
50.
Riggenbach, H.1989: Non-native fluency in dialogue versus monologue speech: a microanalytic approach. Unpublished UCLA dissertation.
51.
Romaine, S.1984: The language of children and adolescents. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
52.
Rubin, J.1975: What the 'good language learner' can teach us. TESOL Quarterly9, 41-51.
53.
Rutherford, W. in press: SLA: Universal Grammar and learnability. In Ellis, N., editor, Implicit and explicit learning of languages. New York: Academic Press.
54.
Schachter, J.1989: Testing a proposed universal. In Gass, S. and Schachter, J., editors, Linguistic perspectives on second language acquisition. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.
55.
Sharwood-Smith, M.1983: Cross-linguistic aspects of second language acquisition . Applied Linguistics4, 192-99.
56.
Skehan, P.1989: Individual differences in second language learning. Baltimore, Md.Edward Arnold.
57.
Slobin, D.1973: Cognitive prerequisites for the acquisition of grammar . In Ferguson, C. A. and Slobin, D. I., editors, Studies of child language development. New York: Holt, Reinhart & Winston.
58.
Weissenborn, J.1992: Null subjects in early grammars: implications for parameter-setting theories. In Weissenborn, J., Goodluck, H. and Roeper, T., editors, Theoretical issues in language acquisition . Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
59.
Wells, G.1981: Learning through interaction: the study of language development . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
60.
Wexler, K.1991: On the argument from the poverty of the stimulus. In Freidin, R., editor, Principles and parameters in comparative grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
61.
White, L.1986: Implications of parametric variation for second language acquisition: an investigation of the 'pro-drop' parameter. In Cook, V., editor, Experimental approaches to second language acquisition. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
62.
— 1989: Universal Grammar and second language acquisitionAmsterdam: John Benjamins.
63.
— 1991: Second language competence versus second language performance: UG or processing strategies. In Eubank, L. , editor, Point counterpoint: Universal Grammar in the second language. Amsterdam: John Benjamins .
64.
Wong Fillmore, L.1976: The second time around: cognitive and social strategies in second language acquisition. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.