This article outlines the horns of an `electronic dilemma' for television advertising originating in recent technological developments, and describes the reactions of advertisers and the media industry to this dilemma in the United States and Europe. Issues for European policy makers arising from these reactions are also discussed, including measures that could be taken to counteract their undesirable consequences.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Advertising Age (1985) `Foreign Agency Income Report', 22 April.
2.
Advertising Age's Focus (1985) `The Top 100 Agencies', 11 June.
3.
An Ogilvy & Mather Commentary on the New Media Technologies (1985). London: Ogilvy & Mather.
4.
Bagdikian, Ben H.
(1985) `The Media Grab', Channels, May/June: 16-18.
5.
Billen, Stephanie
(1985) `And Now a Word from Our Sponsor....', Cable & Satellite Europe, 1: 60-61.
6.
Bumstead, Roger C.
(1985) `Cableshop — Gone but Not Forgotten', Advertising Age, 21 October: 40.
7.
Bunn, Derek D.
(1982) `Audience Presence during Breaks in Television Programmes', Journal of Advertising Research, 22(5): 35-39.
8.
Camp Report (1985), 20 November: 4. White Plains, New York: Knowledge Industry Publications.
9.
Capacasa, Antonio
, Litiana Dening and Remo Lucchi (1985) `Understanding Audiences of TV Commercial Breaks: What People Do, How They React, How They Recall', pp. 81-109 in Seminar on Broadcasting and Research, Amsterdam: Esomar.
10.
Changing Channels (1984) New York: Audits & Surveys, Inc. for Magazine Publishers Association.
11.
Cox, Timothy
(1985) `Results in on Three-second Meter Sample', Marketing & Media Decisions, June: 23.
12.
Cunningham, Adair
(1983) `Cableshop Scores with the Longer Pitch', Advertising Age, 13 June: 27.
13.
Darkow, Michael
(1985) `Die Spots im Block und der Kern der Durchschnitts oder: Wo bleibt das Zapping?', Blickpunkte, July: 58-62.
14.
EEC (1984) Commission of the European CommunitiesTelevision without frontiers. Brussels: Com (84) 300 final.
15.
EEC
(1986) Proposal for a Council Directive on the Coordination of certain Provisions in the Member States concerning the Pursuit of Broadcasting Activities. Brussels: Com (86) 146 final.
16.
EGTA
(1984) EGTA Summary of Answers to the Questionnaire on TV-advertising. Hilversum, Netherlands: EGTA.
17.
Forkan, James P.
(1984) `SSC&B Offers Cure for Commercial Zapping', Advertising Age, 16 April: 55-56.
18.
Fountas, Anna
(1985) `Mediology', Marketing & Media Decisions, January: 75-76.
19.
Giersing, Morten
and Preben Sepstrup (1984) De nye medier i USA (The New Media in the USA). Aarhus: The Aarhus School of Business Administration and Economics.
20.
Heeter, Carrie
and Bradley S. Greenberg (1985) `Profiling the Zappers', Journal of Advertising Research, 25(2): 15-19.
21.
Home Video Publisher, `World VCR Population could Climb to 1% in 1984', 3 December: 7.
22.
J. Walter Thompson`News Release'. 12 January 1982 and 22 September 1983.
23.
Kaplan, Barry M.
(1985) `Zapping — the Real Issue is Communication', Journal of Advertising Research, 25(2): 9-12.
24.
Kessler, Felix
(1985) `In Search of Zap-proof Commercials', Fortune, 21 January: 44-45.
25.
Kiefer, Marie-Luise
(1985a) `Fernsehen im Überfluss? Die Werbewirtschaft zeigt sich reserviert', Media Perspektiven, 2: 94-98.
26.
Kiefer, Marie-Luise
(1985b) `USA: Konjunktur für Wahrsager und Wundermittel', Media Perspektiven, 9: 677-686.
27.
Kostyra, Richard
(1985) `Zapping — a Modest Proposal', Marketing & Media Decisions, March: 94-95.
28.
Krüger, Udo Michael
(1985) `Aufbruch zu einem neuen Fernsehkultur. Ein Programvergleich von Sat 1, RTL plus, ARD und ZDF', Media Perspektiven, 4: 257-270.
29.
McSherry, John
(1985) `The Current Scope of Channel Switching', Marketing & Media Decisions, June: 144-145.
RAI Newsletter (1983) `Television, Advertising and Consumer Awareness', 6: 4-5.
34.
Sepstrup, Preben
(1985a) Commercial Transational and Neighbour Country TV in Europe. Economic Consequences and Consumer Perspectives. Aarhus: The Aarhus School of Business Administration and Economics.
35.
Sepstrup, Preben
(1985b) Reflections on Media Policy in a World of Changing Media Patterns, including the Danish Experience. Vienna: Paper for the Seminar `Media-Culture-Life Styles', 16-18 April. Forthcoming as a Unesco publication.
36.
Sepstrup, Preben
(1985c) `Information Content in TV Advertising & Consumer Policy Implications of the Growing Supply of TV Advertising in Europe', Journal of Consumer Policy, 8: 239-265.
37.
Sepstrup, Preben
(1986) The Electronic Dilemma of TV Advertising. Aarhus: The Aarhus School of Business Administration and Economics. For free copies write: Ryhavevej 8, 8210 Århus V, Denmark.
38.
Sepstrup, Preben
and Folke Olander (1986) Elektronisk forbrugerinformation: Forbrugeroplysning, reklame, salg (Electronic Dissemination of Information: Consumer Information, Advertising, Sales Transactions). Forthcoming as a Nordic Council publication.
39.
Siepman, Ralf
(1985) `Angst vor den Ausblendern', Neue Medien, 7: 92-93.
40.
Tittandet på Reklam-TV's program (Viewing of Commercial Television) (1984). Helsinki: Thomanios OY.
41.
Videoline (1985) Advertising material from WHSMIDT CABLE. London.
42.
Wentz, Laurel
(1985) `British VCR Study Shows Most Zap Ads', Electronic Media, 21 March: 18.
43.
Yorke, David
and Philip J. Kitchen (1985) `Channel Flickers and Video Speeders', Journal of Advertising Research, 25(2): 21-25.
44.
Yuseph, Sonia
and Garth Hallberg (1983) `The Radical Potential of Cable Advertising', Journal of Advertising Research, 23(4): 51-54.