In this work, the application of fatigue load cycles has been monitored by using the Electrical Resistance Change (ERC) method on unnotched C45 carbon steel samples. The experimental test plan involved static tests and fatigue tests at different maximum stress (55–65% of UTS) and different stress ratios (R = 0.1, 0.3, 0.5). In static tests the electrical resistance underwent an initial reduction in the elastic field and then grew regularly with an increase of 40% in the plastic phase. The variations in electrical resistance measured as the fatigue life varied were instead characterised by a rapid initial increase, followed by a constant trend until final failure. This trend was justified because of the evident progressive deformation of the transversal section.
PalitSSDasSParidaN, et al.Non-linear ultrasonic technique to assess fatigue damage in structural steel. Scr Mater2006; 55: 199–202.
2.
XiaZOkabeTParkJB, et al.Quantitative damage detection in CFRP composites: coupled mechanical and electrical models. Compos Sci Technol2003; 63: 1411–1422.
3.
MeiZGuerreroVHKowalikDP, et al.Mechanical damage and strain in carbon fiber thermo-plastic-matrix composite sensed by electrical resistivity measurement. Polym Compos2002; 23: 425–432.
4.
PrasseTMichelFMookG, et al.A comparative investigation of electrical resistance and acoustic emission during cyclic loading of CFRP laminates. Compos Sci Technol2001; 61: 831–835.
5.
WangSChungDDL. Mechanical damage in carbon fiber polymer-matrix composite, studied by electrical resistance measurement. Compos Interfaces2002; 9: 51–60.
6.
KlesnilMLukášP. Fatigue of metallic materials, Vol. 71. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1992.
7.
SevostianovIZagraiAKruseW, et al.Connection between strength reduction, electric resistance and electro-mechanical impedance in materials with fatigue damage. Int J Fract2010; 164: 159–166.
8.
MiddletonCAMcCroryJPGreeneRJ, et al.Detecting and monitoring cracks in aerospace materials using post-processing of TSA and AE data. Metals (Basel)2019; 9: 748.
9.
RajicNGaleaS. Thermoelastic stress analysis and structural health monitoring: an emerging nexus. Struct Health Monitor2014; 14: 57–72.
10.
VassilopoulosAPKellerT. Experimental characterization of fiber-reinforced composite materials. In: VassilopoulosAPKellerT (eds) Fatigue of fiber-reinforced composites. London: Springer-Verlag, 2011, pp.25–65.
11.
PalumboDDe FinisRSaponaroA, et al.Assessment of TSA technique for the estimation of CFRP T-joint debonding. J Nondestr Eval2021; 40: 94.
12.
De FinisRPalumboDGaliettiU. A multianalysis thermography-based approach for fatigue and damage investigations of ASTM A182 F6NM steel at two stress ratios. Fatigue Fract Eng Mater Struct2018; 42: 267–283.
13.
OmariMASevostianovI. Estimation of changes in the mechanical properties of stainless steel subjected to fatigue loading via electrical resistance monitoring. Int J Eng Sci2013; 65: 40–45.
14.
DattomaVNobileRPanellaFW, et al.Real-time monitoring of damage evolution by nonlinear ultrasonic technique. Procedia Struct Integr2019; 24: 583–592.
15.
SaponaroANobileR. In situ fatigue damage monitoring by means of nonlinear ultrasonic measurements. Metals (Basel)2024; 14: 11.
16.
ParkJ-MLeeS-IDeVriesKL. Nondestructive sensing evaluation of surface modified single-carbon fiber reinforced epoxy composites by electrical resistivity measurement. Compos B Eng2006; 37: 612–626.
17.
NobileRSaponaroA. Real-time monitoring of fatigue damage by electrical resistance change method. Int J Fatigue2021; 151: 106404.
18.
FischerCArentsFJ. Electrical crack length measurement and the temperature dependence of the mode I fracture toughness of carbon fibre reinforced plastics. Compos Sci Technol1993; 46: 319–323.
19.
SchulteKBaronC. Load and failure analyses of CFRP laminates by means of electrical resistivity measurements. Compos Sci Technol1989; 36: 63.
20.
MotahhariSCaoYMCameronJ. Damage evaluation by means of electrical resistivity measurements. Polym Polym Compos2000; 8: 449–453.
21.
LiGWuTXueY, et al.Tensile damage self-monitoring of carbon fiber/epoxy 3D braided composites with electrical resistance method. Eng Fract Mech2024; 296: 109870.
22.
HanCHuangSSunB, et al.Electrical resistance changes of 3D carbon fiber/epoxy woven composites under short beam shear loading along different orientations. Compos Struct2021; 276: 114549.
23.
GadomskiJPyrzanowskiP. Experimental investigation of fatigue destruction of CFRP using the electrical resistance change method. Measurement ( Mahwah N J)2016; 87: 236–245.
24.
KwonD-JShinP-SKimJ-H, et al.Detection of damage in cylindrical parts of carbon fiber/epoxy composites using electrical resistance (ER) measurements. Compos B Eng2016; 99: 528–532.
25.
XueL-ZLiK-ZZhangS-Y, et al.Monitoring the damage evolution of flexural fatigue in unidirectional carbon/carbon composites by electrical resistance change method. Int J Fatigue2014; 68: 248–252.
26.
TanakaKWatanabeT. An electrical resistivity study of lattice defects in deformed iron. Jpn J Appl Phys1972; 11: 1429–1439.
27.
LemaitreJDufaillyJ. Damage measurements. Eng Fract Mech1987; 28: 643–661.
28.
RobinsBACharsleyP. The effect of strain amplitude and grain size on the electrical resistance changes of cyclically deformed constantan. Mater Sci Eng1976; 22: 109–112.
29.
BasinskiZSDugdaleJSHowieA. The electrical resistivity of dislocations. Philos Mag1963; 8: 1989–1997.
30.
StarkePKleinMEiflerD. Manufacturing influences on the fatigue properties of quenched and tempered SAE 4140 specimens. Procedia Eng2011; 10: 698–703.
31.
LawsonLMeshiiM. Electrical resistivity of an incrementally-fatigued lead alloy. Scr Metall1991; 25: 1713–1717.
32.
De FinisRSaponaroANobileR. Electrical resistance-based measurements as fatigue damage indicators in metals. Adv Eng Res2023; 55: 85–120.
