This study investigates perovskite as a titanium-enrichment phase in medium-Ti blast-furnace slag for Ti recovery. Thermodynamic analysis by FACTSage determined that 1450–1300 °C is the best enrichment range of perovskite. High-temperature experiments revealed enhanced perovskite crystallization at 1330–1300 °C, with 90 min holding time yielding optimal enrichment (40.18 μm average grain size, 8.64 vol%). During isothermal processing, perovskite growth followed non-equilibrium dynamics, driven by precipitation-stage growth and crystal coalescence. The volume fraction evolution adhered to the JMAK equation, while grain size correlated linearly with holding time. A kinetic model validated these patterns, demonstrating applicability to medium-Ti slag systems. These findings establish a temperature-controlled strategy for efficient Ti recovery via perovskite phase regulation.
PuLYPengQSLiLJ. Research status and prospect of comprehensive utilization of titanium-containing blast furnace slag. Environ Ecol2022; 4: 106–110.
2.
ZhangRHouYFanG, et al.Gas-based reduction and carbonization of titanium minerals in titanium-bearing blast furnace slag: a combined thermodynamic, experimental and DFT study. Int J Hydrogen Energy2022; 47: 7586–7599.
3.
VaidULallotraB. Effect on concrete strength and durability with partial replacement of cement by Nano-titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2) and ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS): A Review Summary. Jaipur, India: IOP Publishing Ltd, 2024. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1326/1/012046
4.
DuYGaoJLanX, et al.Preparation of TiC ceramics from hot Ti-bearing blast furnace slag: carbothermal reduction, supergravity separation and spark plasma sintering. J Eur Ceram Soc2022; 42: 2055–2061.
5.
ZhaoSXuYCaiY, et al.Effects of basicity and MnO on perovskite precipitation in medium-Titanium blast furnace slag. Phys Met Metall2025; 126: 159–170. doi: 10.1134/S0031918X2460235X
6.
XuYLiDDYangSS, et al.Research progress of comprehensive utilization of titanium-containing blast furnace slag. Comprehen Util Miner Resour2021; 9: 23–23.
7.
WanXChenMQiuY, et al.Influence of manganese oxide on the liquid-perovskite equilibrium in the CaO-SiO2-TiO2 system at 1400° C in air. Ceram Int2020; 47: 11176–11182. doi: 10.1016/j.ceramint.2020.12.241
8.
ZhangSZhengKJiangJ, et al.Effect of operating parameters on high-temperature selective enrichment and precipitation of titanium component in Ti-bearing blast furnace slag and the precipitation mechanism of perovskite. J Mater Res Technol2021; 15: 2686–2696.
9.
LiYYanB. (ARTN 209)Kinetics of isothermal growth of Ulvspinel (Fe3-xTixO4) in Ti-bearing blast furnace slag with Fe2O3 powder additive. Metall Res Technol2023: 120.
10.
GautamSKSinghJShuklaDK, et al.Reversible phase transformation phenomenon in titanium dioxide films: evidence beyond interface-nucleation and dissolution-precipitation kinetics. Acta Mater2018: S1359645418300065. DOI:10.1016/j.actamat.2017.12.050
11.
ZhouWLiTLanD, et al.Influence of TiO2, Al2O3, and basicity on viscosity and structure of high titanium-Bearing blast furnace slag. Materials (1996-1944)2023; 16: 2575. doi: 10.3390/ma16072575
12.
ZhangSZhengKJiangJ, et al.Effects of operating parameters on high-temperature selective enrichment and precipitation of titanium component in ti-bearing blast furnace salg and the precipitation mechanism of perovskite. Jouranl of Materials Research and Technology2021; 15: 2686–2696. doi: 10.1016/j.jmrt.2021.09.106
13.
WangXGuoYLiMBY. Thermodynamic properties of CaO-SiO2-MgO-Al2O3-B2O3 SLAG systems at 1773K. Materiali in Tehnologije2023; 57: 639–643.
14.
ShuhuiZZhaozhaoYXiaojieL, et al.Thermodynamic analysis on effects of chemical composition on mineral composition in medium-titanium blast furnace slag. Iron Steel Vanadium Titanium2018; 39: 8.
15.
XuYLiDDYuanM, et al.Effects of temperature regime and additives on the selective precipitation process of perovskite crystals. Iron and Steel2000; 41: 86–95.
16.
ErukhimovitchVBaranJ. Discussion of “an analysis of static recrystallization during continuous, rapid heat treatment”. ISIJ Int1997; 28: 2763–2764.
17.
LouTPLiYHLiLS, et al.Study on kinetics of perovskite phase precipitation from titanium-containing titanium slag. J Chin Soc Ceram2000; 36: 255–258.
18.
BratlandD-HShercliffH. Overview No. 124 modelling of precipitation reactions in industrial processing. ISIJ Int1997; 45: 1–22.
19.
XuZY. Principle of Phase Transition. Beijing: Science Press, 1984, 142.
20.
WangMY. Study on blowing process and precipitated phase of Titanium-containing blast furnace slag. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2005.
