Use of metakaolin (MK) as a partial substitute for cement is studied with agro-waste materials of rice husk ash (RHA) and sugarcane bagasse ash (SBA) to target up to M50 concrete grade in normal and acidic curing environments. Experimental work and ANOVA analysis indicate that 30% partial replacement of cement by SBA 15%, MK 5% and RHA 10% is the optimum combination; achieving the highest mechanical strengths for tested grades of concrete. Strength improvements are noted at 10% and 20% under normal and acidic curing respectively; while chloride penetration and permeability are reduced. Noteworthy, the combination is achieving a high strength of more than 61 MPa (28 days) even in acidic curing that is closer to M60 concrete grade.
da SJNetoAde FrançaMJS, et al.Effects of adding sugarcane bagasse ash on the properties and durability of concrete. Constr Build Mater Jan. 2021; 266: 120959. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.120959.
2.
JagadeshPRamachandramurthyAMurugesanR. Evaluation of mechanical properties of sugar cane bagasse ash concrete. Constr Build Mater2018; 176: 608–617.
3.
PraveenkumarSSankarasubramanianG. Mechanical and durability properties of bagasse ash-blended high-performance concrete. SN Appl Sci2019; 1: 1664. doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-019-1711-x.
4.
BahurudeenAKanrajDGokul DevVSanthanamM. Performance evaluation of sugarcane bagasse ash blended cement in concrete. Cem Concr Compos May 2015; 59: 77–88. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2015.03.004
ZhangPLiaoWKumarA, et al.Characterization of sugarcane bagasse ash as a potential supplementary cementitious material: Comparison with coal combustion fly ash. J Clean Prod Dec. 2020; 277: 123834. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123834.
7.
DeepikaSAnandGBahurudeenA,et al.Construction products with sugarcane bagasse ash binder. Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering2017; 29: 04017189.
8.
GanesanKRajagopalKThangavelK. Evaluation of bagasse ash as supplementary cementitious material. Cem Concr Compos2007; 29: 515–524.
9.
LoganayaganSMohanNCDhivyabharathiS. Sugarcane bagasse ash as alternate supplementary cementitious material in concrete. Mater Today Proc2021; 45: 1004–1007.
10.
WaghMWagheUP. Development of self-compacting concrete blended with sugarcane bagasse ash. Mater Today Proc2022; 60: 1787–1792.
11.
NikhadeHRRam Rathan LalB. Effect of addition of glass fibre on sugar cane bagasse ash under compressive loading. Mater Today Proc2022; 61: 1109–1114.
12.
WuNJiTHuangP, et al.Use of sugar cane bagasse ash in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) as cement replacement. Constr Build Mater Jan. 2022; 317: 125881.
13.
MemonSAJavedUShahMI,et al.Use of Processed Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in Concrete as Partial Replacement of Cement: Mechanical and Durability Properties. Buildings Oct. 2022; 12: 1769. doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings12101769.
14.
FaridSAZaheerMM. Production of new generation and sustainable concrete using Rice Husk Ash (RHA): A review. Mater Today Proc, Jun2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.06.034
15.
KhanRJabbarAAhmadI, et al.Reduction in environmental problems using rice-husk ash in concrete. Constr Build Mater2012; 30: 360–365.
16.
HuLHeZZhangS. Sustainable use of rice husk ash in cement-based materials: environmental evaluation and performance improvement. J Clean Prod Aug. 2020; 264: 121744.
17.
JungSHSaraswathyVKarthickS, et al.Microstructure characteristics of fly ash concrete with rice husk ash and lime stone powder. Int J Concr Struct Mater Dec. 2018; 12: 17. doi: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40069-018-0257-4.
SandhuRKSiddiqueR. Influence of rice husk ash (RHA) on the properties of self-compacting concrete: a review. Constr Build Mater2017; 153: 751–764.
20.
Tunji LawalAQ, et al.Effect of unburnt rice husk on the properties of concrete. in Procedia Manufacturing, Elsevier B.V., 2019, pp.635–640. doi: 10.1016/j.promfg.2019.06.006.
21.
NisarNBhatJA. Experimental investigation of rice husk ash on compressive strength, carbonation and corrosion resistance of reinforced concrete. Austr J Civil Eng Jul. 2021; 19: 155–163.
22.
HuangHGaoXWangH,et al.Influence of rice husk ash on strength and permeability of ultra-high performance concrete. Constr Build Mater2017; 149: 621–628.
23.
MuthadhiAKothandaramanS. Experimental investigations of performance characteristics of rice husk ash–blended concrete. J Mater Civil Eng Aug. 2013; 25: 1115–1118.
24.
AbolhasaniASamaliBDehestaniM,et al.Effect of rice husk ash on mechanical properties, fracture energy, brittleness and aging of calcium aluminate cement concrete. Structures Feb. 2022; 36: 140–152.
25.
ThankamGLThurvas RenganathanN. Ideal supplementary cementing material – metakaolin: a review. Inter Rev Appl Sci Eng Apr. 2020; 11: 58–65.
26.
SankarBRamadossP. Assessment of mechanical and durability performance of silica fume and metakaolin as cementitious materials in high-performance concrete. Int Rev Appl Sci Eng Jan. 2024; 15: 44–54.
27.
min ZhanP, et al.Utilization of nano-metakaolin in concrete: A review. Elsevier Ltd, Jul. 01, 2020. doi: 10.1016/j.jobe.2020.101259.
28.
BarbhuiyaSChowPMemonS. Microstructure, hydration and nanomechanical properties of concrete containing metakaolin. Constr Build Mater2015; 95: 696–702.
29.
AhmadJMajdiAArbiliMM, et al.Mechanical, durability and microstructure analysis overview of concrete made with metakaolin (MTK). Buildings Sep. 2022; 12: 1401.
30.
RongZJiangGSunW. Effects of metakaolin on mechanical and microstructural properties of ultra-high performance cement-based composites. J Sustain Cem Based Mater Sep. 2018; 7: 296–310.
31.
PaivaHVelosaACachimP,et al.Effect of metakaolin dispersion on the fresh and hardened state properties of concrete. Cem Concr Res Apr. 2012; 42: 607–612.
32.
FerreiraRMCastro-GomesJPCostaP,et al.Effect of metakaolin on the chloride ingress properties of concrete. KSCE J Civil Eng2016; 20: 1375–1384.
33.
KannanV. Strength and durability performance of self compacting concrete containing self-combusted rice husk ash and metakaolin. Constr Build Mater2018; 160: 169–179.
34.
GillASSiddiqueR. Durability properties of self-compacting concrete incorporating metakaolin and rice husk ash. Constr Build Mater2018; 176: 323–332.
35.
BarbhuiyaSKumalaD. Behaviour of a sustainable concrete in acidic environment. Sustainability Sep. 2017; 9: 1556.
36.
WangZZhuZSunX,et al.Deterioration of fracture toughness of concrete under acid rain environment. Eng Fail Anal Jul. 2017; 77: 76–84.
37.
HomayoonmehrRRamezanianpourAAMirdarsoltanyM. Influence of metakaolin on fresh properties, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of concrete and its sustainability issues: a review. J Build Eng Dec. 2021; 44: 103011.
38.
FarrantWEBabafemiAJKolawoleJT,et al.Influence of sugarcane bagasse ash and silica fume on the mechanical and durability properties of concrete. Materials Apr. 2022; 15: 3018.
39.
MulyeP. Experimental study on use of sugar cane bagasse ash in concrete by partially replacement with cement. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol Dec. 2021; 9: 616–635.
40.
VaradharajanSJaiswalAVermaS. Assessment of mechanical properties and environmental benefits of using rice husk ash and marble dust in concrete. Structures Dec. 2020; 28: 389–406.
41.
XuFWangSLiT,et al.Effect of metakaolin on the mechanical properties and pore characteristics of fiber-reinforced tailing recycled aggregate concrete. Structures Jan. 2022; 35: 15–25.
42.
HasanNMS, et al.Integration of rice husk ash as supplementary cementitious material in the production of sustainable high-strength concrete. Materials Nov. 2022; 15: 8171.
43.
B. of Indian Standards. “IS 269 (1989): Specification for Ordinary Portland Cement, 33 Grade.”.
44.
ShettyMS. Concrete technology : theory and practice. New Delhi: S. Chand, 2005.
45.
B. of Indian Standards. “IS 2386-4 (1963): Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 4: Mechanical properties.”.
46.
B. of Indian Standards. “IS 2386-3 (1963): Methods of test for aggregates for concrete, Part 3: Specific gravity, density, voids, absorption and bulking.”.
47.
HadipramanaJRizaFVRahmanIA, et al.Pozzolanic characterization of waste rice husk ash (RHA) from muar, Malaysia. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng Nov. 2016; 160: 012066.
48.
GowramIMBSudhirM, et al.Efficacy of natural zeolite and metakaolin as partial alternatives to cement in fresh and hardened high strength concrete. Adv Mater Sci Eng Dec. 2021; 2021: 1–10.
49.
SchettinoMASHolandaJNF. Characterization of sugarcane bagasse ash waste for its use in ceramic floor tile. Proce Mater Sci2015; 8: 190–196.
50.
KirthigaRElavenilS. Potential utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash in cementitious composites for developing inorganic binder. Ain Shams Eng J Nov. 2023; 14: 102560.
51.
DattaSD, et al.Analysis of the characteristics and environmental benefits of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material through experimental and machine learning approaches. Innov Infrastr Solut Apr. 2024; 9: 21.
52.
TanakaIKoishiMShinoharaK. Evaluation of the wettability of spherical cement particle surfaces using penetration rate method. Cem Concr Res Jul. 2002; 32: 1161–1168.
53.
WenCZhangPWangJ,et al.Influence of fibers on the mechanical properties and durability of ultra-high-performance concrete: a review. J Build Eng Jul. 2022; 52: 104370.
54.
BentzDPGarbocziEJHaeckerCJ,et al.Effects of cement particle size distribution on performance properties of Portland cement-based materials. Cem Concr Res Oct. 1999; 29: 1663–1671.
55.
RajNPatilSGBhattacharjeeB. Concrete mix design by packing density method. IOSR J Mech Civil Eng2014; 11: 34–46.
56.
B. of Indian Standards. “IS 456 (2000): Plain and Reinforced Concrete - Code of Practice.”.
57.
ASTM. C138/C138M-13 standard test method for density (unit weight), yield, and air content (gravimetric). ASTM Int. pp. 23–6, 2013.
58.
B. of Indian Standards. IS 1199 (1959): Methods of sampling and analysis of concrete.”.
59.
HossainMMKarimMRHasanM, et al.Durability of mortar and concrete made up of pozzolans as a partial replacement of cement: a review. Constr Build Mater2016; 116: 128–140.
60.
SalimPMSeshadriSTPrasadBSRK. Mechanical properties of concrete with pulverized used foundry sand as mineral admixture. Int J Civil Eng Technol2018; 9: 158–169.
61.
DuvalRKadriEH. Influence of silica fume on the workability and the compressive strength of high-performance concretes. Cem Concr Res Apr. 1998; 28: 533–547.
62.
SinghRHaqMKhanRA. Influence of industrial waste and mineral admixtures on durability and sustainability of high-performance concrete. Environ Sci Pollu Res Mar. 2024; 31: 25567–25588.
63.
Hamza HasnainMJavedUAliA,et al.Eco-friendly utilization of rice husk ash and bagasse ash blend as partial sand replacement in self-compacting concrete. Constr Build Mater Mar. 2021; 273: 121753. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.121753.
64.
ZhengK. Pozzolanic reaction of glass powder and its role in controlling alkali–silica reaction. Cem Concr Compos Mar. 2016; 67: 30–38.
65.
MuthuMSanthanamM. Effect of reduced graphene oxide, alumina and silica nanoparticles on the deterioration characteristics of Portland cement paste exposed to acidic environment. Cem Concr Compos Aug. 2018; 91: 118–137.
66.
YanKShiC. Prediction of elastic modulus of normal and high strength concrete by support vector machine. Constr Build Mater Aug. 2010; 24: 1479–1485.
67.
Al-saffarFYWongLSPaulSC. An elucidative review of the nanomaterial effect on the durability and calcium-silicate-hydrate (C-S-H) gel development of concrete. Gels Jul. 2023; 9: 13.
68.
McGinnisMJDavisMde la RosaA, et al.Strength and stiffness of concrete with recycled concrete aggregates. Constr Build Mater Nov. 2017; 154: 258–269.
69.
NikhadeANagA. “Effective utilization of sugarcane bagasse ash, rice husk ash& metakaolin in concrete,”. Mater Today Proc2022; 62: 3658–3664.
70.
NikhadeAPammarL. Parametric study of concrete by using SCBA, metakaolin, rice husk ash in concrete – A review. Mater Today Proc2022; 60: 1793–1799.
71.
SatoneSRParbatDKBadarAM, et al.Application of green material on durability behaviour of green concrete. Mater Today Proc May 2023. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.05.208
72.
SalainIMAK. Effect of water/cement and Aggregate/cement ratios on consistency and compressive strength of concrete using volcanic stone waste as aggregates. Civil Eng Archit Oct. 2021; 9: 1900–1908.
73.
AlthoeyFZaidOMartínez-GarcíaR, et al.Impact of nano-silica on the hydration, strength, durability, and microstructural properties of concrete: a state-of-the-art review. Case Stud Const Mater Jul. 2023; 18: e01997.
74.
KhanMNNJamilMKarimMR, et al.Filler effect of pozzolanic materials on the strength and microstructure development of mortar. KSCE J Civil Eng Jan. 2017; 21: 274–284.
75.
SiregarAPNPasaribuELSuarnitaIW. The effect of coarse aggregate hardness on the fracture toughness and compressive strength of concrete. MATEC Web of Confer Jan. 2019; 258: 04011.
76.
RambabuGAGVRPV. Effect of acidic environment (HCL) on concrete with sugarcane bagasse ash as pozzolona. Int. J Eng Res Appl2015; 5: 59–64.
77.
SahooSDasBBRathAK,et al.Acid, alkali and chloride resistance of high volume fly ash concrete. Indian J Sci Technol Aug. 2015; 8: 1–12. doi: https://doi.org/10.17485/ijst/2015/v8i19/72266.
BansalM, et al.Influence of pozzolanic addition on strength and microstructure of metakaolin-based concrete. PLoS One Apr. 2024; 19: e0298761. doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0298761
80.
KimYHanifAKazmiSMS, et al.Properties enhancement of recycled aggregate concrete through pretreatment of coarse aggregates – comparative assessment of assorted techniques. J Clean Prod Aug. 2018; 191: 339–349.
81.
GuoHLiuYTaiB, et al.Effect of environmental pH value on mechanical properties and microstructure of hardened sulphoaluminate cement paste. Constr Build Mater Mar. 2022; 325: 126848.
82.
ThomasBSKumarSArelHS. Sustainable concrete containing palm oil fuel ash as a supplementary cementitious material – A review. Renew Susta Energy Rev Dec. 2017; 80: 550–561.
83.
TitiHHTabatabaiH. Effect of coarse aggregate type on chloride ion penetration in concrete. Constr Build Mater Feb. 2018; 162: 871–880.
84.
MathewsMEKiranTHasa NaiduVC, et al.Effect of high-temperature on the mechanical and durability behaviour of concrete. Mater Today Proc2021; 42: 718–725.
85.
DinakarPSahooPKSriramG. Effect of metakaolin content on the properties of high strength concrete. Int J Concr Struct Mater Sep. 2013; 7: 215–223.
