Construct validation has seen two proposals recently: the use of construct representation and nomothetic span variables through structural modelling and the concept of population generalizability. This study investigated the influence of two major test-taker characteristics (TTCs), social milieu or cultural background and exposure or previous instruction, on test perform ance (TP) in tests of English as a foreign language (EFL) for two native language groups, the non-Indo-European (NIE) and the Indo-European (IE). Data from the Cambridge-TOEFL comparability study (Bachman et al., 1991; N = 1448) from eight sites in eight countries was used. The instruments were 1) a 45-item Likert scale background questionnaire which captured the test-taker characteristics; and 2) the First Certificate in English, administered by the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, the TOEFL and the SPEAK, administered by the Educational Testing Service, Princeton, and the Test of English Writing. Modelling of the TTCs and the TP factors generally supported an equal influence factors model (where the factors have equal status) and an intervening factors type model (where the factors are not equal in status and one factor is an intervening factor) for both the NIE and IE groups.
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