Abstract
The almost immediate Western detection and news reportage of the Chernobyl nuclear accident underscored the urgency of Gorbachev's call for glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring). While state-sanctioned church leaders played a minimal role in the coming of glasnost, other believers, through clandestine samizdat (self-publication), figure prominently in the launching of the Soviet information revolution. In contrast to the USSR, the churches and the media, especially television, played an immediate, transparent, and successful part in the East European upheavals of 1989.
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