Despite growing internationalization, national ties have remained a structural aspect of missionary and humanitarian work. This was especially true of the Interwar period in the Middle East, where colonial powers, independent states and political ideologies competed. The beginnings of the Action Chrétienne en Orient (ACO) bear witness to this: the ACO, specialized in assistance to Christian Anatolian refugees and missionary work towards Muslims, made strategic use of its national connections. It retained German and Protestant connections, while serving as a formally French broker between refugees or Protestant missionary organizations and the French colonial authority. Yet as looming independence seemed to threaten the position of Christian refugees, the ACO gradually entered the ‘colonial quadrillage’ through which France exerted guidance over voluntary organizations.
BaronB (2014) The Orphan Scandal. Christian Missionaries and the Rise of the Muslim Brotherhood. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
2.
BerronP (1938) Sur notre champ de travail en Syrie. Le Levant.Organe de l'Action chrétienne en Orient (hereafter: Le Levant 13th year(5-6): 2–3.
3.
BerronP (1962) Une Oeuvre missionnaire en Orient et en Occident. Strasbourg: Éditions Oberlin.
4.
BerronP (1925a) Réflexions de Pentecôte d’un ami des Arméniens. Le Levant, 2nd year/5: 1–2.
5.
BerronP (1934a) D’un passé tragique vers un avenir meilleur. Le Levant, 12th year/1: 1–3.
6.
BlythE (1927) When We Lived in Jerusalem. London: John Murray.
7.
BocquetJ (2002) Le collège Saint-Vincent, un agent de la présence française? In: MéouchyN (ed) France, Syrie et Liban 1918-1946: Les ambiguïtés et les dynamiques de la relation mandataire. Damascus: Presses de IFPO - Institut Français d’Etudes Arabes de Damas, pp.105–124.
8.
BourmaudP (2020) Missionary Work, Secularization, and Donor Dependency: Rockefeller-Near East Colleges Cooperation after World War I (1920-1939). In: Okkenhaug and Sanchez Summerer (2020: 155–182).
9.
CalvinPSlugaG (eds) (2016) Internationalisms: A Twentieth-Century History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
10.
DavisHCM (1938) Some Aspects of Religious Liberty of Nationals in the Near East: A Collection of Documents. New York: Harper and Brothers.
11.
EyrardJPKrebsG (2007) Le Protestantisme français et le Levant de 1856 à nos jours. Beirut and Strasbourg: Présente protestante française au Liban and Editions Oberlin.
12.
JacksonS (2015) Compassion and Connections: Feeding Beirut and Assembling Mandate Rule in 1919. In: SchayeghCArsanA (eds) The Routledge Handbook of History of Middle East Mandates. London: Routledge, pp.62–75.
13.
KambourianH (1925) Notre tissage ‘Elim.’ Extraits d’une lettre du directeur arménien. Alep, le 25 mars 1925. Le Levant, 2nd year/ 5: 3.
14.
KévonianD (2004) Réfugiés et diplomatie humanitaire : Les acteurs européens et la scène proche-orientale pendant l’entre-deux-guerres. Paris: Publications de la Sorbonne.
15.
KévorkianR (2006) Le Génocide des Arméniens. Paris: Odile Jacob.
16.
LagrééM (1991) Les versements des diocèses français à l’Oeuvre de la Propagation de la Foi. In: PacoMFatioO (eds) L’Hostie et le denier. Les finances ecclésiastiques du haut Moyen Age à l’époque moderne. Geneva: Labor et Fides, pp.279–288.
17.
Le Levant (1923) Dons (Gabenliste) du 1er mai au 30 septembre 1923 - C.C. carte de collecte (Sammelkarte). Le Levant, 1st year/1: 7–8.
18.
Le Levant (1937) Vers la création d’un nouveau poste missionnaire. Le Levant, 14th year/4: 7.
19.
Le Levant (1939) A la ‘Cité David’. Le Levant 16th year/4-5: 3.
20.
MigliorinoN (2008) (Re)Constructing Armenia in Lebanon and Syria: Ethno-Cultural Diversity and the State in the Aftermath of a Refugee Crisis. New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books.
21.
OkkenhaugIMSanchez SummererK (eds) (2020) Christian Missions and Humanitarianism in the Middle East, 1850-1950: Ideologies, Rhetorics, and Practice. Leiden and Boston: Brill.
22.
PuauxG (1952) Deux Années au Levant. Souvenirs de Syrie et du Liban 1939-1940. Paris: Hachette.
23.
RobsonL (2011) Colonialism and Christianity in Mandate Palestine. Austin: The University of Texas Press.
24.
SbaitiN (2009) ‘If the devil taught French’ strategies of language and learning in French mandate Beirut. In: Abi-MershedO (ed) Trajectories of Education in the Arab World. London: Routledge, pp.59–83.
25.
SbaitiN (2015) ‘A Massacre without precedent’. Pedagogical constituencies and communities of knowledge in Mandate Lebanon. In: Schayegh and Arsan (2015: 321–335).
26.
SharkeyHJ (2011) Middle East Missions: nationalism, religious liberty, and cultural encounter. German Historical Institute London Bulletin33(2): 103–107.
27.
SpindlerM (2010) Les nations à l’école du Christ: bilan de la commission iii à Edimbourg 1910. Histoire et missions chrétiennes13/1: 33–45.
28.
VerdeilC (2011) Une ‘Révolution sociale dans la montagne’. La conversion des alaouites par les jésuites dans les années 1930. In: HeybergerBMadinierR (eds) L’Islam des marges: missions chrétiennes et espaces périphériques du monde musulman, XVIe-XXe siècles. Paris: EHESS, pp.81–105.
29.
VerdeilC (2011a) La Mission jésuite du Mont-Liban et de Syrie (1830-1864). Paris: Les Indes savantes.
30.
WatenpaughKD (2015) Bread from Stones: The Middle East and the Making of Modern Humanitarianism. Berkeley & Los Angeles: The University of California Press.
31.
WhiteBT (2016) Humans and animals in a refugee camp: Baquba, Iraq, 1918-1920. Journal of Refugee Studies32(2): 216–236.
