Abstract
This article uses archive material to show how a ’fully public’ probation service was created in England and Wales at the behest of central government and the Home Office between 1925 and 1936. It focuses on key themes in probation that have contemporary resonances – they include central control, financial controls, training and inspection – and shows how these contemporary concerns have their origins in this very specific time period.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Bailey
V
(1987 ) Delinquency and Citizenship – Reclaiming the Young Offender . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
2.
Bochel
D
(1976 ) Probation and After-Care – Its Development in England and Wales . Edinburgh : Scottish Academic Press .
3.
Bosworth
M
(2001 ) The past as a foreign country? British Journal of Criminology
41 :431 –442 .
4.
Brownlee
I
(1998 ) Community Punishment – A Critical Introduction . Harlow : Longman
5.
Burt
C
(1925 ) The Young Delinquent. London: University of London Press. Dictionary of National Biography (various editions) . London : Smith Elder .
6.
Gard
R
(2007 ) The first probation officer in England and Wales 1906–1914 . British Journal of Criminology 47 (6 ): 938 –954 .
7.
Glover
E
(1960 ) The Roots of Crime – Selected Papers on Psychoanalysis Vol. 2 . London : Imago .
8.
Hamblin Smith
M
(1922 ) The Psychology of the Criminal . London : Methuen .
9.
Harris
SW
(1937 ) Probation and other Social Work of the Courts – Third Clarke-Hall Lecture . London : Clarke-Hall Fellowship .
10.Home Office (1922 ) Report of the Departmental Committee on the Training and Payment of Probation Officers . London : Home Office .
11.Home Office (1923 ) First Report of the Work of the Children’s Branch . London : Home Office .
12.Home Office (1925 ) Third Report of the Work of the Children’s Branch .
13.Home Office (1927 ) Report of the Departmental Committee on the Treatment of Young Offenders , Cmd 2831 . London : Home Office .
14.Home Office (1928 ) Fourth Report of the Work of the Children’s Branch .
15.Home Office (1936 ) Report of the Departmental Committee on the Social Services in Courts of Summary Jurisdiction , Cmd 5122 . London : Home Office .
16.Home Office (1938 ) Fifth Report of the Work of the Children’s Branch . London : Home Office .
17.Home Office (1984 ) Statement of National Objectives and Priorities for the Probation Service . London : Home Office .
18.Home Office (1992 ) National Standards for the Supervision of Offenders in the Community . London : Home Office .
19.
King Joan
FS
(1959 ) The Probation Service . London : Butterworth and Co. Ltd .
20.
LeMesurier
L
(1935 ) A Handbook of Probation and Social Work of the Courts . London : National Association of Probation Officers .
21.
MacAdam
E
(1925 ) The Equipment of the Social Worker . London : George Allen and Unwin .
22.
May
T
(1991 ) Probation – Politics, Policy and Practice . Milton Keynes : Open University Press .
23.
May
T
(1994 ) Probation and community sanctions . In:
Maguire
M
., The Oxford Handbook of Criminology . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
24.
McWilliams
W
(1983 ) The mission to the English police courts 1876–1936 . Howard Journal of Penology 22 : 129 –147 .
25.
McWilliams
W
(1985 ) The mission transformed . Howard Journal 24 (4 ): 257 –272 .
26.
McWilliams
W
(1987 ) Probation, pragmatism and policy . Howard Journal 26 (2 ): 97 –121 .
27.National Association of Probation Officers (1929–1938 ) Probation: The Journal of NAPO .
28.
Page
L
(1937 ) Crime and the Community . London : Faber and Faber .
29.
Page
M
(1992 ) Crimefighters of London . London : Inner London Probation Service .
30.
Pailthorpe
GW
(1932 ) Studies in the Psychology of Delinquency . London : HMSO/Medical Research Council .
31.
Vanstone
M
(2007 ) Supervising Offenders in the Community: A History of Probation Theory and Practice . Aldershot : Ashgate Publishing .
32.
Worrall
A
(1997 ) Punishment in the Community: The Future of Criminal Justice . Harlow : Longman .
33.
Yelloly
M
(1980 ) Social Work Theory and Psychoanalysis . London : Van Nostrand Reinhold .
