Tackling Racist Offending: A Generalised Or Targeted Approach?

Beck, A. (2000) Prisoners of Hate: The Cognitive Basis of Anger, Hostility and Violence. New York: Harper Collins Publishers.

Bhui, H.S. (1999) ‘Race, Racism and Risk Assessment: Linking Theory to Practice with Black Mentally Disordered Offenders’, in Probation Journal 46 (3), pp.171-181.

Bowling, B. (1998) Violent Racism: Victimisation, Policing and Social Context. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Bowling B (2001) Racism, Crime and Justice. Harlow: Longman.

Cantle, T. (2001) Community Cohesion. A Report of the Independent Review Team. London: Home Office.

Dadzie, S. (1997) Blood, Sweat and Tears: A Report of the Bede Anti-Racist Detached Youth Work Project, 1997. National Youth Agency UK.

Dixon, L. and Okitikpi, T. (1999) ‘Working with Racially Motivated Offenders’, in Probation Journal 46 (3), pp.157-163.

Edwards, R. (1999) ‘Reflections: Working With Racially Motivated Offenders’, in Probation Journal 46 (1), pp.37-39.

Hewitt, R (1996) Routes of Racism. The Social Basis of Racist Action. Stoke-on-Trent: Trencham Books.

HMIP (2000) Towards Race Equality. A Thematic Inspection Report. HM Inspectorate of Probation: London.

Hollin, C. and Palmer, E. (2000) Reducing Re-offending by Racially Motivated Offenders: a Review of the Evidence. Unpublished RDS report.

Kay, J. and Gast, L. et al (1999) From Murmur to Murder: Working with Racially Motivated Offenders. A Resource Pack for Probation Officers and Others. West Midlands Probation Training Consortium, in collaboration with Midlands Region Association of Chief Officers of Probation.

Lemos, G. and Crane, P. (2000) Racial Harassment on the Ground. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.

McCurrie, T.F. (1998) White Racist Extremist Gang Members: a Behavioural Profile, in Journal of Gang Culture 5, pp.51-60.

MacDonald, C. (2000) ‘Some Relevant Questions For Work With Racially Motivated Offenders’, in Probation Journal 47 (3), pp.206-209.

McLaughlin K.A. and Brilliant K.J. (1997) Healing the Hate: A National Bias Crime Prevention Curriculum for Middle Schools. Washington DC: US Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention.

McNeill, F. (2000) ‘Localising Criminology. Defining Effective Practice - Frontline Perspectives’, in Howard Journal 39 (4), pp.382-397.

Macpherson, W. (1999) The Stephen Lawrence Inquiry - Report CM 4262-1. London: HMSO.

Mair, G. (2002) NAPO News article, March 2002, Issue 137.

Messerschmidt, J. (1997) Structured Action Theory: Doing Class, Race and Gender. London: Sage.

NACRO (1999) Let’s Get It Right: Race and Justice 2000. London: NACRO.

National Probation Service (2002) What Works News, Issue 8, July 2002. London: NPD.

Ouseley, H. (2001) Community Pride Not Prejudice: Making Diversity Work in Bradford. Bradford: Vision.

Ray, L. , Smith, D. and Wastell, E. (2002) ‘Racist Violence and Probation Practice’, in Probation Journal 49 (1), pp.3-9.

Sheath, M. (1990) ‘Confrontative Work With Sex Offenders: Legitimised Nonce-Bashing?’ in Probation Journal 37 (4), pp.159-162.

Sibbitt, R. (1997) The Perpetrators of Racial Harassment and Racial Violence. Home Office Research Study 176. London: Home Office.

Sykes, G. and Matza, D. (1957) ‘Techniques of Neutralisation A Theory of Delinquency’, in American Sociological Review 22, pp.664-670.

Thomas, R. (2002) Developing Work with Perpetrators of Racial Harassment and Violence in Newcastle Upon Tyne: A Consultation Document. Newcastle Community Safety Unit.

Wade, A. (1993) Working with Racism: Racially Motivated Crime and Probation Practice. Cambridge Institute of Criminology, Occasional Paper No 19.