State Sovereignty and International Relations in Pakistan

Abstract

In Pakistan, the field of international relations (IR) theory remains firmly embedded in the ‘realist’ tradition, to the detriment of a wider range of considerations. This stranglehold, strengthened by the particular evolutionary trajectory of the Pakistani state as well as a complacent academia, seems to have created a vicious circle of knowledge reproduction, reinforced by various bids for power, or proximity to it. This article scrutinises specifically the dominant understandings in Pakistan of state sovereignty and security in a broadly historical perspective, showing how the rise of the military, combined with security paranoia, has prevented academic creativity in this field, including scrutiny of recent concerns over rather close China–Pakistan links.

Keywords

academia China–Pakistan relations international relations military Pakistan security sovereignty state Third World states

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Abid

Ashfaq

(2015) ‘CPEC: Challenges and Opportunities for Pakistan’, Pakistan Vision, 16(2): 142–69.

Acharya

Buzan

(2007) ‘Conclusion: On the Possibility of a Non-Western IR Theory in Asia’, International Relations of the Asia Pacific, 7(3): 427–38.

Ahmad

Singh

(2017) ‘Sino-Pakistan Friendship, Changing South Asian Geopolitics and India’s Post-Obama Options’, South Asia Research, 37(2): 133–46.

Ahmar

(2014) ‘Strategic Meaning of China–Pakistan Economic Corridor’, Strategic Studies, 34(4): 35–49.

Ahmed

(2010) ‘Military and the Foreign Policy of Pakistan’, South Asian Survey, 17(2): 313–30.

Ahmed

(2006) ‘On Pakistan’s 60th Independence Anniversary: Search for Democracy Still Continues’. Business Recorder. URL (consulted 10 March 2015), from http://fp.brecorder.com/2006/08/20060814464414/

Alavi

(1987) ‘Ethnicity, Muslim Society and the Pakistan Ideology’. In Weiss

(Ed.), Islamic Reassertion in Pakistan: The Application of Islamic Laws in a Modern State (pp. 21–48). Lahore: Vanguard Books.

Alavi

(1989) ‘Nationhood and the Nationalities in Pakistan’, Economic and Political Weekly, 24(27): 1527–34.

Aljazeera (2010) China: ‘Pakistan is our Israel’. Aljazeera. URL (consulted 5 March 2015), from http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2010/10/20101028135728235512.html

10.

Ayoob

(1995) The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System. Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publishers.

11.

Ayoob

(2002a) ‘Humanitarian Intervention and State Sovereignty’, The International Journal of Human Rights, 6(1): 81–102.

12.

Ayoob

(2002b) ‘Inequality and Theorizing in International Relations: The Case for Subaltern Realism’, International Studies Review, 4(3): 27–48.

13.

Bajpai

(2009) ‘Obstacles to Good Work in Indian International Relations’, International Studies, 46(1–2): 109–28.

14.

Bajwa

(2012) ‘Crisis and its Beyond: A Review of Recent Critical Inquiry into Pakistan’, South Asia Chronicle, 2: 271–304.

15.

Behera

(2008) ‘International Relations in South Asia: State of the Art’. In Behera

(Ed.), International Relations in South Asia: Search for an Alternative Paradigm (pp. 1–50). New Delhi: SAGE Publications.

16.

Behera

(2009) South Asia: A ‘Realist’ Past and Alternative Futures. In Tickner

Wæver

(Eds), International Relations Scholarship Around the World (pp. 134–57). London: Routledge.

17.

Butt

K.M.

Butt

A.A.

(2015) ‘Impact of CPEC on Regional and Extra-Regional Actors’, Journal of Political Science, 33: 23–44.

18.

Chaudhry

(2012) ‘Pakistan’s First Military Coup: Why Did the First Pakistani Coup Occur and Why Does it Matter?’ Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, California. URL (consulted 23 August 2014), from http://oai.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA560487

19.

Choudhury

G.W.

(1993) The Last Days of United Pakistan. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

20.

Clapham

(1999) ‘Sovereignty and the Third World State’, Political Studies, 47(3): 522–37.

21.

Cohen

(2002) ‘The Nation and the State of Pakistan’, The Washington Quarterly, 25(3): 109–22.

22.

Cohen

(2004) The Idea of Pakistan. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

23.

Cronin

(2002) ‘Rethinking Sovereignty: American Strategy in the Age of Terrorism’, Survival, 44(2): 119–39.

24.

Curtis

(2009) China’s Military and Security Relationship with Pakistan. Testimony Before the U.S.–China Economic and Security Review Commission. URL (consulted 5 March 2015), from http://www.heritage.org/research/testimony/chinas-military-and-security-relationship-with-pakistan

25.

Economic Times (2015) ‘Pakistan is Our Irreplaceable All Weather Friend: China’. Economic Times. URL (consulted 2 March 2015), from http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2015-01-26/news/58470267_1_general-raheel-sharif-gen-sharif-asim-bajwa

26.

Fair

(2009) ‘Pakistan’s Democracy: The Army’s Quarry?’ Asian Security, 5(1): 73–85.

27.

Fair

Nawaz

(2010) ‘The Changing Pakistan Army Officer Corps’, Journal of Strategic Studies, 34(1): 1–34.

28.

Fair

Crane

Chivvis

C.S.

Puri

Spirtas

(2010) Pakistan: Can the United States Secure an Insecure State? Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.

29.

Ghose

(1993) Jawaharlal Nehru. A Biography. New Delhi: Allied Publishers.

30.

Haider

(2016) ‘2nd Interim Report of the Special Committee of the Senate on China Pakistan Economic Corridor: Translating a Myth into Reality’. Islamabad: Senate of Pakistan. URL (consulted 22 March 2017), from http://www.senate.gov.pk/uploads/documents/1465974959_331.pdf

31.

Haque

(2016) ‘Responding to Dangerous Times’. Dawn. URL (consulted 26 March 2017), from http://epaper.dawn.com/DetailImage.php?StoryImage=20_09_2016_001_006

32.

Hewitt

(1992) The International Politics of South Asia. Manchester: Manchester University Press.

33.

Higher Education Commission (2016) ‘HEC Recognized Journals’. URL (consulted 23 August 2014), from http://hec.gov.pk/english/services/faculty/Documents/ThematicResearch/SocialSciencesJ.pdf

34.

Inayatullah

(1998) ‘Imagining an Alternative Politics of Knowledge: Subverting the Hegemony of International Relations Theory in Pakistan’, Contemporary South Asia, 7(1): 27–42.

35.

Inayatullah

Saigol

Tahir

(Eds) (2005) Social Sciences in Pakistan: A Profile. Islamabad: Pisces Enterprises.

36.

Inter Services Public Relations (2013) ‘Speech by Pakistani Chief of Army Staff. Occasion of the Passing Out Parade of Sri Lankan Academy’. URL (consulted 23 August 2014), from https://ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&date=2013/6/29

37.

Jackson

J.H.

(2003) ‘Sovereignty—Modern: A New Approach to an Outdated Concept’, American Journal of International Law, 97(4): 782–802.

38.

Jaffrelot

(Ed.) (2004) A History of Pakistan and Its Origins. London: Anthem Press.

39.

Jahan

(1972) Pakistan: Failure in National Integration. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.

40.

Jalal

(1995) Democracy and Authoritarianism in South Asia: A Comparative and Historical Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

41.

Jalal

(1999) The State of Martial Rule: The Origins of Pakistan’s Political Economy of Defence. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel.

42.

Jamal

(2017) ‘Mother China: A “Chinese Revolution” Sweeps Across Pakistan’. Herald. URL (consulted 26 March 2017), from http://herald.dawn.com/news/1153413

43.

Jamil

(2017) ‘Propaganda Offensive Against CPEC’. Daily Times. URL (consulted 26 March 2017), from http://dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/31-Jan-17/propaganda-offensive-against-cpec

44.

Javaid

(2016) ‘Assessing CPEC: Potential Threats and Prospects’, Journal of the Research Society of Pakistan, 53(2): 254–69.

45.

Khan

(2012–13) ‘Balochistan: The Forgotten Frontier’, Strategic Studies, 32(4)–33(1): 200–13.

46.

Lavoy

P.R.

(2005) ‘Pakistan’s Foreign Relations’. In Hagerty

D.T.

(Ed.), South Asia in World Politics (pp. 49–70). Karachi: Oxford University Press.

47.

Mansergh

(1966) ‘The Partition of India in Retrospect’, International Journal, 21(1): 1–19.

48.

Mishra

(2008) ‘Theorising State Sovereignty in South Asia’, Economic and Political Weekly, 43(40): 65–72.

49.

Nawaz

(2009) Crossed Swords: Pakistan, its Army, and the Wars Within. Karachi: Oxford University Press.

50.

Nazar

(2016) ‘Pakistan’s Frontline Status, War on Terror and the Jama’at-E-Islami Response’, South Asia Research, 36(2): 143–66.

51.

Perlez

(2011) ‘Pakistani Army Chief Warns U.S. on Another Raid’. The New York Times. URL (consulted 23 August 2014), from http://www.nytimes.com/2011/05/06/world/asia/06react.html?_r=0

52.

Pogge

(2010) ‘Cosmopolitanism and Sovereignty’. In Brown

Held

(Eds), The Cosmopolitan Reader (pp. 114–33). Cambridge: Polity Press.

53.

Rais

(1995) ‘Security, State and Democracy in Pakistan’. In Weinbaum

Kumar

(Eds), South Asia Approaches the Millennium: Re-examining National Security (pp. 63–78). Boulder: Westview Press.

54.

Ramachandran

(2015) ‘ChinaPakistan Economic Corridor: Road to Riches?’, China Brief, 15(15): 1–4.

55.

Raza

S.I.

(2016) ‘CPEC Could Become Another East India Company’. Dawn. URL (consulted 11 March 2017), from https://www.dawn.com/news/1290677

56.

Rizvi

(2000a) Military, State and Society in Pakistan. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.

57.

Rizvi

(2000b) The Military & Politics in Pakistan, 1947–1997. Lahore: Sang-e-Meel Publications.

58.

Sayeed

(1964) ‘Pakistan Foreign Policy: An Analysis of Pakistani Fears and Interests’, Asian Survey, 4(3): 746–56.

59.

Shafique

(2011) ‘The Case for Constructivism in Analysing the India-Pakistan Conflict’. E-International Relations (7 September). URL (consulted 30 July 2017), from http://www.e-ir.info/2011/09/07/the-case-for-constructivism-in-analysing-the-india-pakistan-conflict/

60.

Shah

A.R.

(2016) ‘Is the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor a 21st Century East India Company?’ The Diplomat. URL (consulted 11 March 2017), from http://thediplomat.com/2016/11/is-the-china-pakistan-economic-corridor-a-21st-century-east-india-company/

61.

Shah

(2015) ‘CPEC and the Question of Loyalty’. Daily Times. URL (consulted 11 March 2017), from http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/opinion/22-Nov-2015/cpec-and-the-question-of-loyalty

62.

Shams

(2016) ‘China’s Economic Corridor Creating New Conflicts in Pakistan’. DW. URL (consulted 11 March 2017), from http://www.dw.com/en/chinas-economic-corridor-creating-new-conflicts-in-pakistan/a-19510980

63.

Siddiqa

(2007) Military Inc.: Inside Pakistan’s Military Economy. London: Pluto Press.

64.

Small

(2015a) ‘China–Pakistan: A Strategic Relationship in the Shadows’. Yale Global Online. URL (consulted 28 June 2015), from http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/china-pakistan-strategic-relations-shadows

65.

Small

(2015b) The China–Pakistan Axis: Asia’s New Geopolitics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.

66.

Sturman

(2008) ‘New Norms, Old Boundaries: The African Union’s Approach to Secession and State Sovereignty’. In Pavkovic

Radan

(Eds), On the Way to Statehood: Secession and Globalization (pp. 67–84). Aldershot: Ashgate.

67.

Symonds

(1950) ‘State-making in Pakistan’, Far Eastern Survey, 19(5): 45–50.

68.

The Nation (2016) ‘Senators Seek End to Secrecy on CPEC’. The Nation. URL (consulted 22 March 2017), from http://nation.com.pk/national/28-Jul-2016/senators-seek-end-to-secrecy-on-cpec

69.

The National Security Archive (2010) ‘The United States and Pakistan’s Quest for the Bomb’. National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 333. URL (consulted 24 August 2014), from http://www2.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/nukevault/ebb333/#27

70.

Usman

(2016) ‘Govt Accused of not Sharing Details of CPEC Projects’. Express Tribune. URL (consulted 22 March 2017), from https://tribune.com.pk/story/1098661/economic-corridor-projects-govt-accused-of-not-sharing-details/

71.

Waheed

(2017) ‘Pakistan’s Dependence and US Patronage: The Politics of “Limited Influence”’, Journal of Asian Security and International Affairs, 4(1): 1–26.

72.

Waseem

(2007) Politics and the State in Pakistan. Islamabad: National Institute of Historical and Cultural Research, Quaid-i-Azam University.

73.

Waseem

Mufti

(2009) Religion, Politics and Governance in Pakistan. Working Paper 27. Birmingham: International Development Department, University of Birmingham.

74.

Weidong

(2016) ‘Remarks by Ambassador Sun Weidong at Launching Ceremony of Special Report on Chinese President Xi Jinping’. Islamabad: Embassy of the People’s Republic of China. URL (consulted 26 March 2017), from http://pk.chineseembassy.org/eng/zbgx/t1341902.htm

75.

Wint

(1960) ‘The 1958 Revolution in Pakistan’, South Asian Affairs, St. Antony’s Papers No. 8, pp. 72–85.

76.

Wolf

S.O.

(2016a) China–Pakistan Economic Corridor, Civil–Military Relations and Democracy in Pakistan. SADF Working Paper Series, 2. URL (consulted 12 March 2017), from https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2838520

77.

Wolf

S.O.

(2016b) China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) and its Impact on Gilgit-Baltistan. SADF Working Paper Series, WP No. 25. URL (consulted 12 March 2017), from www.sadf.eu

78.

Wolpert

(2011) India and Pakistan: Continued Conflict or Cooperation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.

79.

Zaafir

M.S.

(2016) ‘CPEC Security is Our National Undertaking: Gen Raheel’. The News International. URL (consulted 13 March 2017), from https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/138563-CPEC-security-is-our-national-undertaking-Gen-Raheelsrc=ilaw