Kabul University was the first institution to undergo rapid politicisation during the Constitutional Decade (1964–73) of Afghanistan. The article explores how this educational institution, in a country with a very high rate of illiteracy, which also did not have a long tradition of modern education, soon transformed into a political hotbed which led to the emergence of Kabul University as the centre of Afghanistan’s political struggles in the 1960s and early 1970s.
AdamecLudwig (1974) Afghanistan’s Foreign Affairs to the Mid-Twentieth Century. Tucson: The University of Arizona Press.
2.
AkhramovichR.T. (1966) Outline History of Afghanistan after the Second World War. Moscow: Nauka.
3.
Almasak (1972) ‘Ma Chera Tabaqāe Motawaset ra Peshraw wa Peshahang Megoyem (‘Why We Call the Middle Class the Pioneer and Leader [of Society]’), Paykar, 1 (1972): 13–14.
4.
AminTahir (1984) ‘Afghan Resistance. Past, Present and Future’, Asian Survey, 24(3): 373–99.
5.
AnwarRaja (1988) The Tragedy of Afghanistan: A First-Hand Account. Translated by HasanK. with an introduction by HallidayF.London and New York: Verso.
6.
ArneyGeorg (1990) Afghanistan: A Definitive Account of a Country at Crossroads. London: Mandarin.
7.
ArnoldAnthonyKlassRosanne (1990) ‘Afghanistan’s Communist Party: The Fragmented PDPA’. In KlassR. (Ed.), Afghanistan. The Great Game Revisited (pp. 135–60). Revised Edition. New York: Freedom House.
8.
BashirAliasghar (1968) ‘Waqte ke Sar-i Rafiqatrāal Mekonand Sar KhodrāTar Kon’ (‘What Happens to Your Friend Will Happen to You’), Tarjomān, 1(26): 1 and 3.
9.
BezhanFaridullah (2013a) ‘The Emergence of Political Parties and Political Dynamics in Afghanistan, 1964–73’, Iranian Studies, 46(6): 921–41.
10.
BezhanFaridullah (2013b) ‘Artist of Wonderland: Rahim Nawin and the Political Cartoon in the 1960s Afghanistan’, Third Text, 27(5): 634–49.
11.
BezhanFaridullah (2014) ‘Tarjoman or Interpreter, The First Satirical Newspaper and the Emergence of Modern Satire in Afghanistan’, Media History, 20(3): 302–21.
12.
BrantMarvin (1974) ‘Recent Economic Development’. In DupreeLouisAlbertLinette (Eds), Afghanistan in the 1970s (pp. 91–112). New York: Praeger.
13.
BurdettA.L.P. (Ed.) (2002) Afghanistan Strategic Intelligence British Records 1919–1970. Vols 1–4. London: Archive Editions.
14.
DorronsoroGilles (2005) RevolutionUnending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present. London: Hurst & Co.
15.
DupreeLouis (1971) ‘A Note on Afghanistan: 1971’, AUFS Reports Services: South Asia Series, 15(2): 1–35.
16.
DupreeLouis (1973) Afghanistan. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
17.
FarahiAbdul Ghafar (2001) De DemoKraci aw Jamhuryat pa Kalono ke 1963–1978 (The Era of Democracy and Republic in Afghanistan, 1963–1978). Peshawar: Danish.
18.
FarhangM. Sediq (1992) Afghanistan dar Panj Qarn-i Akhir (Afghanistan in the Past Five Centuries). Second Edition. Teheran: Erfan.
19.
GhausAbdul Samad (1988) The Fall of Afghanistan: An Insider’s Account. Washington and New York: Pergamon-Brasseys International Defense Publishers.
20.
GhubarGhulam Muhammad (1967) Afghanistan dar Masir-i Tarikh, Jeld-i Awal (Afghanistan in the Path of History). Vol. I. Kabul: Nasarat-i Dawlati.
21.
GhubarGhulam Muhammad (1999) Afghanistan dar Masir-i Tarikh, Jeld-i Dovum (Afghanistan in the Path of History). Vol. 2. Virginia: American Speedy.
22.
GregorianVartan (1969) The Emergence of Modern Afghanistan: Politics of Reform and Modernization, 1880–1946. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
23.
KeshtmandSultanali (2002) Yadhasht-hay Seyasi wa Roydad-hay Tarikhi (Political Memoirs and Historical Events) (in Persian). Najib Kabir.
24.
KorgunV.G. (1985) ‘Afghanistan in the Contemporary Times’. In A History of Afghanistan (pp. 210–94). Moscow: Progress Publishers.
PanjsheriDastagir (1999) Zuhur wa Zawal-i Hezb-i Demokratik-i Khalq Afghanistan (The Rise and Fall of the PDPA). Peshawar: Markaz Nashrati Fazil.
33.
RahimiFahima (1986) Woman in Afghanistan. With a 1985 update by DupreeNancy Hatch. Liestal: Stiftung Foundation, Bibliotheca Afghanica.
34.
RahinRasul (2008) Tarikh-i Matbuat-i Afghanistan (History of Afghanistan Press). Stockholm: Afghanistan Cultural Association.
35.
ReardonPatrick (1969) ‘Modernization and Reform: The Contemporary Endeavor’. In GrassmuckGeorgeAdamecL.W.IrwinF.H. (Eds), Afghanistan: Some New Approaches (pp. 149–203). Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press.
36.
ReshtiaS. Qasim (1990) ‘Social Reforms in Afghanistan in Relation to Neighbouring Countries: Interference and Peace’. In AndersonE.W.DupreeN.H. (Eds), The Cultural Basis of Afghan Nationalism (pp. 50–59). London and New York: Printer Publishers.
37.
ReshtiaS. Qasim (1997) KhatretāSiyasi (Political Memoirs). Virginia: American Speedy.
38.
RobertsJeffery (2003) The Origins of Conflict in Afghanistan. Westport, CT: Praeger.
39.
RubinBarnett (2002) The Fragmentation of Afghanistan. Second Edition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
40.
SharqHassan (1995) Karbasposh-hay Brahna Pa (Shabby-Clothed and Barefoot People). Peshawar: Saba.
41.
SmithHarvey H.BernierDonald W.BungeFrederica M.RintzFrances C.ShinnRinn-SupTelekiSuzanna (1973) Area Handbook for Afghanistan. Fourth Edition. Washington, DC: US Government Print Office.
42.
WilliamsRobert F. (1982) ‘Legal Education in Afghanistan Prior to the Soviet Occupation’, Suffolk Transnational Law Journal, 6(2): 247–76.