In contrast to the individualistic approach that characterises much current work in psycholinguistics, the work of the LISCO group takes a broad and inherently social approach to the study of language use. We discuss three of the central issues and themes that run through this collection of papers: (1) the types of other-relatedness in language; (2) the need to specify the loci of addressee effects in the language production process; and (3) methodological strategies for the study of other-relatedness. Connections between the work of the LISCO researchers and other investigators are noted. We conclude by discussing some considerations for future research on other-relatedness.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Atkinson, J. M. and Heritage, J. (1984) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversational Analysis.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1981) Discourse in the novel. In M. M. Bakhtin The Dialogic Imagination (M. Holquist, ed.; C. Emerson and M. Holquist, trans.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
3.
Bakhtin, M. M. (1986) The problem of speech genres. In M. M. Bakhtin Speech Genres and Other Late Essays (C. Emerson and M. Holquist, eds; V. W. McGee, trans.). Austin, Texas: University of Texas Press.
4.
Beattie, G. (1980) The role of language production processes in the organization of behavior in face-to-face interaction. In B. Butterworth (ed.) Language Production, Vol 1: Speech and Talk.London: Academic Press.
5.
Bell, A. (1984) Language style as audience design. Language in Society13, 145–204.
6.
Bock, M. (1982) Toward a cognitive psychology of syntax: Information processing contributions to sentence formulation. Psychological Review89, 1–47.
7.
Brown, P. M. and Dell, G. S. (1987) Adapting production to comprehension: The explicit mention of instruments. Cognitive Psychology19, 441–72.
8.
Brown, P. and Levinson, S. (1978) Universals in language usage: Politeness phenomena. In E. N. Goody (ed.) Questions and Politeness: Strategies in Social Interaction.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
9.
Brown, R. and Gilman, A. (1960) The pronouns of power and solidarity. In T. A. Sebeok (ed.) Style in Language.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
10.
Butterworth, B. (1980) Some constraints on models of language production. In B. Butterworth (ed.) Language Production, Vol 1: Speech and Talk.London: Academic Press.
11.
Cantor, N., Mischel, W. and Schwartz, J. (1982) Social knowledge: Structure, content, use, and abuse. In A. Hastorf and A. Isen (eds) Cognitive Social Psychology.New York: Elsevier North-Holland.
12.
Chomsky, N. (1957) Syntactic Structures.The Hague: Mouton.
13.
Chomsky, N. (1965) Aspects of the Theory of Syntax.Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
14.
Chomsky, N. and Miller, G. A. (1963) Introduction to the formal analysis of natural languages. In R. D. Luce, R. Bush and E. Galanter (eds.) Handbook of Mathematical Psychology, Vol.2. New York: Wiley.
15.
Clark, H. H. (1978) Inferring what is meant. In W. J. M. Levelt and G. B. Flores d'Arcais (eds) Studies in the Perception of Language.London: Wiley.
16.
Clark, H. H. (1979) Responding to indirect speech acts. Cognitive Psychology11, 430–77.
17.
Clark, H. H. (1985) Language use and language users. In G. Lindzey and E. Aronson (eds) Handbook of Social Psychology, 3rd edn, Vol. 2. New York: Random House.
18.
Clark, H. H. and Carlson, T. B. (1982) Hearers and speech acts. Language58, 332–73.
19.
Clark, H. H. and Marshall, C. (1981) Definite reference and mutual knowledge. In A. Joshi, I. Sag and B. Webber (eds) Elements of Discourse Understanding.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
20.
Clark, H. H. and Schaefer, E. F. (1987) Concealing one's meaning from overhearers. Journal of Memory and Language26, 209–25.
21.
Clark, H. H., Schreuder, R. and Buttrick, S. (1983) Common ground and the understanding of demonstrative reference. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior22, 245–58.
22.
Clark, H. H. and Wilkes-Gibbs, D. (1986) Referring as a collaborative process. Cognition22, 1–39.
23.
Cohen, A. A. (1977) The communicative functions of hand illustrators. Journal of Communication27, 54–63.
24.
Cohen, A. A. and Harrison, R. P. (1973) Intentionality in the use of hand gestures in face-to-face communication situations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology28, 276–9.
25.
Cohen, P. R. and Perrault, C. R. (1979) Elements of a plan-based theory of speech acts. Cognitive Science3, 177–212.
26.
Deutsch, M. and Krauss, R. M. (1965) Theories in Social Psychology.New York: Basic Books.
27.
Duncan, S. and Fiske, D. (1977) Face-to-face Interaction: Research, Methods, and Theory.Hillsdale, N.J.: Erlbaum.
28.
Fish, S. (1980) Is There a Text in This Class? The Authority of Interpretive Communities.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
29.
Fiske, S. T. and Taylor, S. E. (1984) Social Cognition.New York: Random House.
30.
Francik, E. P. and Clark, H. H. (1985) How to make requests that overcome obstacles to compliance. Journal of Memory and Language24, 560–8.
31.
Fussell, S. R. and Krauss, R. M. (in press). The effects of intended audience on message production and comprehension: Reference in a common ground framework. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.
32.
Fussell, S. R. and Krauss, R. M. (1988) Understanding friends and strangers: Reference in a common ground framework. Unpublished manuscript, Columbia University.
33.
Garrod, S. and Anderson, A. (1987) Saying what you mean in dialogue: A study in conceptual and semantic co-ordination. Cognition27, 181–218.
34.
Gazdar, G. (1980) Pragmatic constraints on linguistic production. In B. Butterworth (ed.) Language Production, Vol. 1.London: Academic Press.
35.
Gibbs, R. W. (1984) Literal meaning and psychological theory. Cognitive Science8, 275–304.
36.
Glucksberg, S. (in press) Conversational metaphors: How are they understood, why are they used? Metaphor and Symbolic Activity.
37.
Goffman, E. (1959) The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life.Garden City, NY: Doubleday Anchor Books.
38.
Goffman, E. (1976) Replies and responses. Language and Society5, 257–313.
39.
Goodwin, C. (1981) Conversational Organization: Interaction Between Speakers and Hearers.New York: Academic Press.
40.
Grice, H. P. (1957) Meaning. Philosophical Review64, 377–88.
41.
Grice, H. P. (1975) Logic and conversation. In P. Cole and J. L. Morgan (eds). Syntax and Semantics 3: Speech Acts.New York: Academic Press.
42.
Hastie, R. (1981) Schematic principles in human memory. In E. T. Higgins, E. P. Herman and M. Zanna (eds) Social cognition: the Ontario Symposium, Vol. 1.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
43.
Herrmann, T. (1983) Speech and Situation.NY: Springer-Verlag.
44.
Hoppe-Graff, S., Herrmann, T., Winterhoff-Spurk, P. and Mangold, R. (1985) Speech and situation: A general model for the process of speech production. In J. P. Forgas (ed.) Language and Social Situations.New York: Springer-Verlag.
45.
Isaacs, E. A. and Clark, H. H. (1987) Reference in conversation between experts and novices. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General116, 26–37.
46.
Kingsbury, D. (1968) Unpublished Honors Thesis. Department of Social Relations, Harvard University.
47.
Krauss, R. M. (1987) The role of the listener: Addressee influences on message formulation. Journal of Language and Social Psychology6, 81–97.
48.
Krauss, R. M. and Bricker, P. D. (1966) Effects of transmission delay and access delay on the efficiency of verbal communication. Journal of the Acoustical Society41, 286–92.
49.
Krauss, R. M. and Fussell, S. R. (in press) Mutual knowledge and communicative effectiveness. In J. Galegher, R. E. Kraut and C. Egido (eds) Intellectual Teamwork: Social and Technical Bases of Collaborative Work. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
50.
Krauss, R. M., Garlock, C. M., Bricker, P. D. and McMahon, L. E. (1977) The role of audible and visible back-channel responses in interpersonal communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology35, 7, 523–9.
51.
Krauss, R. M. and Morrel-Samuels, P. (1988) Some things we know and don't know about hand gestures. Paper presented at the meetings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Boston, MA.
52.
Krauss, R. M., Vivekananthan, P. S., and Weinheimer, S. (1968) Inner speech’ and external speech. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology9, 295–300.
53.
Krauss, R. M. and Weinheimer, S. (1964) Changes in the length of reference phrases as a function of social interaction: A preliminary study. Psychonomic Science1, 113–4.
54.
Krauss, R. M. and Weinheimer, S. (1966) Concurrent feedback, confirmation, and the encoding of referents in verbal communication. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology4, 343–6.
55.
Krauss, R. M. and Weinheimer, S. (1967) Effect of referent similarity and communication mode on verbal encoding. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior6, 359–63.
56.
Kraut, R. E. and Higgins, E. T. (1984) Communication and Social Cognition. In R. S. Wyer, Jr. and T. K. Srull (eds) Handbook of Social Cognition: Vol. 3.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
57.
Kraut, R. E. and Lewis, S. H. (1982) Feedback and the coordination of conversation. In H. Sypher and J. Applegate (eds) Cognition and Communication.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
58.
Kraut, R. E., Lewis S. H. and Swezey, L. (1982) Listener responsiveness and the coordination of conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology43, 718–31.
59.
Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By.Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
60.
Mead, G. H. (1934) Mind, Self and Society.C. Morris (ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
61.
Nisbett, R. E. and Ross, L. (1980) Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings of Social Judgement.Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
62.
Nunberg, G. (1979) The non-uniqueness of semantic solutions: Polysemy. Linguistics and Philosophy3, 143–84.
63.
Nystrand, M. (1986) The Structure of Written Communication: Studies in Reciprocity Between Writers and Readers.Orlando, Florida: Academic Press.
64.
Olson, D. (1970) Language and thought: Aspects of a cognitive theory of semantics. Psychological Review77, 257–73.
65.
Ortony, A. (ed.) (1979) Metaphor and Thought.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
66.
Reddy, M. J. (1979) The conduit metaphor – A case of frame conflict in our language about language. In A. Ortony (ed.) Metaphor and Thought.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
67.
Rommetveit, R. (1974) On Message Structure: A Framework for the Study of Language and Communication.New York: John Wiley & Sons.
68.
Rubin, A. D.1980A theoretical taxonomy of the differences beween oral and written language. In R. Spiro, B. Bruce and W. Brewer (eds) Theoretical Issues in Reading Comprehension. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
69.
Rutter, D. (1987) Communicating By Telephone.Oxford: Pergamon Press.
70.
Sacks, H. and Schegloff, E. A. (1979) Two preferences in the organization of reference to persons in conversation and their interaction. In G. Psathas (ed.) Everyday Language: Studies in Ethnomethodology.New York: Irvington Publishers.
71.
Schank, R. and Abelson, R. (1977) Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
72.
Schegloff, E. A. (1972) Notes on a conversational practice: Formulating place. In D. Sudnow (ed.) Studies in Social Interaction.New York: Free Press.
73.
Schegloff, E. A. (1984) On some questions and ambiguities in conversation. In J. M. Atkinson and J. Heritage (eds) Structures of Social Action: Studies in Conversation Analysis.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
74.
Schlesinger, I. M. (1977) Production and Comprehension of Utterances.Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
75.
Sperber, D. and Wilson, D. (1986) Relevance: Communication and Cognition.Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
76.
Stryker, S. (1977) Developments in Two social psychologies: toward an appreciation of mutual relevance. Sociometry40, 145–60.
77.
Taylor, S. E. and Crocker, J. (1984) Schematic bases of social information processing. In E. T. Higgins, C. P. Herman and M. P. Zanna (eds) Social Cognition: The Ontario Symposium (Vol. 1).Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
78.
Todorov, T. (1984) Mikhail Bakhtin: The Dialogical Principle (W. Godzich, trans.). Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press.
79.
Tversky, A. and Kahneman, D. (1982) Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. In D. Kahneman, P. Slovic and A. Tversky (eds) Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biasis.Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80.
Volosinov, V. N. (1986) Marxism and the Philosophy of Language (L. Matejka & I. R. Titunik, trans.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.
81.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1962) Thought and Language (E. Hanfmann & G. Vakar, eds, trans.). Cambridge, MA: The M.I.T. Press.
82.
Vygotsky, L. S. (1980) Mind in Society: The Development of Higher Psychological Processes. (M. Cole, V. John-Steiner, S. Scribner and E. Souberman, eds). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
