There is a belief in the field of gifted education expressed in nonempirical literature that perfectionism is a characteristic of gifted individuals. This article argues that perfectionism as currently conceptualized and measured should not be included as a characteristic of giftedness. Lack of research support and a preponderance of evidence associating perfectionism with psychopathology form the basis for the position.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AblardK. E.ParkerW. D. (1997). Parents' achievement goals and perfectionism in their academically talented children. Journal of Youth & Adolescence, 26, 651–667.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th edition). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
4.
AntonyM. M.PurdonC. L.HutaV.SwinsonR. P. (1998). Dimensions of perfectionism across the anxiety disorders. Behavior Research and Therapy, 36,1143–1154.
5.
BlattS. J. (1995). The destructiveness of perfectionism: Implications for the treatment of depression. American Psychologist, 50,1003–1020.
6.
BlattS.J.D'AfflittiJ.P.QuinlanD.M. (1976). Experience of depression in normal young adults. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 85, 383–389.
7.
BurnsD. D. (1980). The perfectionist's script for self-defeat. Psychology Today, November, 34–52.
8.
BurnsD. D. (1983). The spouse who is a perfectionist. Medical Aspects of Human Sexuality, 17, 219–230.
9.
CrossT. L.CassadyJ.C.MillerK.A. (2006). Suicide ideation and personality characteristics among gifted adolescents. Gifted Child Quarterly, 30, 295–306.
10.
CzeschlikT.RostD.H. (1994). Socio-emotional adjustment in elementary school boys and girls: Does giftedness make a difference?Roeper Review, 17,145.
11.
DixonF.A.LapslelyD. K.HanchonT.A. (2004). An empirical typology of perfectionism in gifted adolescents. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 95–106.
12.
FrostR. O.HeimbergR. G.HoltC. S.MattiaJ. L.NeubauerA. L. (1993). A comparison of two measures of perfectionism. Personality & Individual Differences, 14,119–126.
13.
FrostR. O.MartenP.LahartC.RosenblateR. (1990). The dimensions of perfectionism. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 14 (5), 449–468.
14.
GallucciN. T., (2000). Perfectionism and creative strivings. Journal of Creative Behavior, 34,135–141.
15.
GallucciN. T.MiddletonG.KlineA. (1999). Intellectually superior children and behavioral problems and competence. Roeper Review, 22, 18–21.
16.
GreensponT. S. (2000). “Healthy perfectionism” is an oxymoron! Reflections on the psychology of perfectionism and the sociology of science. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 11,197–208.
17.
GrinderR.E. (1985). The gifted in our midst: By their divine deeds, neurosis, and mental test scores we have known them. In HorowitzF. D.O'BrienM. (Eds.), The gifted and talented: Developmental perspectives (pp. 5–36). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
18.
HarveyB.PlantJ.HarveyD. (2004). An Evaluation of the Factor Structure of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 64, 1007–1018.
19.
HamachekD. E. (1978). Psychodynamics of normal and neurotic perfectionism. Psychology, 15, 27–33.
20.
HamiltonT. K.SchweitzerR. D. (2000). The cost of being perfect: perfectionism and suicide ideation in university students. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry, 34, 829–835.
21.
HewittP. L.FlettG. L. (1991). Perfection in the self and social contexts: Conceptualization, assessment, and association with psycho-pathology. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 60, 456–470.
LoCiceroK. A.AshbyJ. S. (2000). Multidimensional perfectionism in middle school aged gifted students: A comparison to peers from the general cohort. Roeper Review, 22,182–185.
24.
NailJ.M.EvansJ. G. (1997). The emotional adjustment of gifted adolescents: A view of global functioning. Roeper Review, 20,18–21.
25.
OrangeC. (1997). Gifted students and perfectionism. Roeper Review, 20 (1), 39–41.
26.
PachtA. (1984). Reflections on perfection. American Psychologist, 34, 386–390.
27.
ParkerW. (2000). Healthy perfectionism in the gifted. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 11, 173–182.
28.
ParkerW. (1997). An empirical typology of perfectionism in academically talented children. American Educational Research Journal, 34, 545–562.
29.
ParkerW.MillsC. J. (1996). The incidence of perfectionism in gifted students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 40,194–199.
30.
ParkerW.StumpfH. (1995). An examination of the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale with a sample of academically talented children. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 13, 372–383.
31.
ParkerW.PortesovaS.StumpfH. (2001). Perfectionism in mathematically gifted and typical Czech students. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 25,138–152.
32.
PruettG. (2004). Intellectually gifted students' perceptions of personal goals and work habits. Gifted Child Today, 27 (4), 54–57
33.
PurdonC.AntonyM. M.SwinsonR. P. (1999). Psychometric properties of the Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale in a clinical anxiety disorders sample. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55,1271–1286.
34.
RanchmanS.J.HodgsonR.J. (1980). Obsessions and compulsions. Engelwood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
35.
RaudseppE. (1988). Hooked on perfection. Harper's Bazaar, April207.
36.
RiceK. G.AshbyJ. S.SlaneyR. B. (1998). Self-esteem as a mediator between perfectionism and depression: A structural equations analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 304–314.
37.
RoedellW. C. (1984). Vulnerabilities of highly gifted children. Roeper Review, 6 (3), 127–130.
38.
SchulerP. A. (2000). Perfectionism in the gifted adolescent. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 11,183–196.
39.
SchulerP. A. (1994). Goals and Work Habits Survey. Unpublished instrument. StorrsThe University of Connecticut.
40.
ShafranR.CooperZ.FairburnC. G. (2002). Clinical perfectionism: A cognitive-behavioral analysis. Behavior Research and Therapy, 40, 773–791.
41.
SiegleD.SchulerP.A. (2000). Perfectionism Differences in Gifted Middle School Students. Roeper Review, 23 (1), 39–44.
42.
SilvermanL. K. (1999). Perfectionism. Gifted Education International, 13, 216–255.
43.
SlaneyR. B.AshbyJ. S.TrippiJ. (1995). Perfectionism: Its measurement and career relevance. Journal of Career Assessment, 3, 279–297.
44.
SlaneyR. B.AshbyJ. S. (1996). Perfectionists: Study of a criterion group. Journal of Counseling and Development, 74, 393–398.
45.
Speirs NeumeisterK. L. (2004a). Understanding the relationship between perfectionism and achievement motivation in gifted college students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 219–231.
46.
Speirs NeumeisterK. L. (2004b). Factors influencing the development of perfectionism in gifted college students. Gifted Child Quarterly, 48, 259–274.
47.
StoberJ. (1998). The Frost Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale revisited: More perfect with four (instead of six) dimensions. Personality & Individual Differences, 24, 481–491.
48.
TermanL. M. (1925). Mental and physical traits of a thousand gifted children. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press
49.
VandiverB.WorrellF. (2002). The reliability and validity of scores on the Almost-Perfect Scale-Revised with academically talented middle school students. Journal of Secondary Gifted Education, 13,108–119.