The establishment of FRAME in 1969 and the Charity's development during its first 25 years are reviewed, with emphasis on FRAME'S campaigns, FRAME publications, the FRAME Research Programme, the FRAME Toxicity Committee, and FRAME'S role in the drafting and passage through Parliament of the Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986.
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2.
Anon. (1986). Explanatory report on the European Convention for the Protection of Vertebrate Animals used for Experimental and other Scientific Purposes, 19 pp. Strasbourg: Council of Europe.
3.
Anon. (1974). FRAME Progress Report9, 4 pp. London: FRAME.
4.
Anon. (1977). The LD50 Test: A statement by FRAME submitted to the Advisory Committee to the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876, 8 pp. London: FRAME.
5.
BallsM., and GodsellP.M. (1972). Animal cells in culture: methods for use in schools.Journal of Biological Education6, 17–22.
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Anon. (1976). Council Directive 76/768/EEC of 27 July 1976 on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products.Official Journal of the European CommunitiesL262, 169–172.
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RowanA.N., and StratmannC.J. eds (1980). The Use of Alternatives in Drug Research, 190 pp. London: Macmillan Press.
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BallsM., and RaoR. (1980). Organ culture in pharmacology. In The Use of Alternatives in Drug Research, pp. 49–69. London: Macmillan.
9.
Anon. (1982). Report of the FRAME Toxicity Committee.ATLA10, 4–43.
10.
BallsM., RiddellR.J., and WordenA.N. eds (1983). Animals and Alternatives in Toxicity Testing, 550 pp. London & New York: Academic Press.
11.
Anon. (1979). Report on the LD50 Test. Advisory Committee on the Administration of the Cruelty to Animals Act 1876.London: HMSO.
KnoxP., UphillP.F., FryJ.R., BenfordD.J., and BallsM. (1986). The FRAME multicentre project on in vitro cytotoxicology.Food and Chemical Toxicology24, 457–463.
14.
BallsM., and HornerS.A. (1985). The FRAME interlaboratory programme on in vitro cytotoxicology.Food and Chemical Toxicology23, 209–213.
15.
Anon. (1983). Animal Experimentation in the United Kingdom: Proposals Submitted to the Home Secretary Jointly by the BVA, CRAE and FRAME, 8 pp. Edinburgh: CRAE.
16.
Anon. (1983). Scientific Procedures on Living Animals. Cmnd 8883, 34 pp. London: HMSO.
17.
GurneyJ., and BallsM. (1993). Obtaining human tissues for research and testing: practical problems and public attitudes in Britain. In Human Cells in In Vitro Pharmaco-toxicology: Present Status Within Europe (ed. RogiersV., SonckW., ShephardE., VercruysseA.), pp. 315–328. Brussels: VUB Press.,
18.
PurchaseI.F.H., ConningD.M., BallsM., RhodesC., DaviesD.S., and BridgesJ.M. eds (1986). International conference on practical in vitro toxicology.Food and Chemical Toxicology24, 447–818.
19.
ParishW.E., HardG.C., AcostaD., ChamberlainM., TimbrellJ.A., GrayT.J.B., StylerJ.A., and BallsM. eds (1990). Second international conference on practical in vitro toxicology.Toxicology In Vitro4, 229–726.
20.
BoobisA.R., DuffyP., ChamberlainM., PhillipsB., BothamP., GrayT.J.B., and BallsM. eds (1994). Third international conference on practical in vitro toxicology.Toxicology In Vitro8, 505–930.
21.
Anon. (1986). Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other scientific purposes.Official Journal of the European CommunitiesL358, 1–29.
BallsM. (1991). On establishing the safety of cosmetics ingredients and products produced and/or marketed within the European Economic Community.ATLA19, 237–244.
24.
BallsM. (1991). Comments on labelling related to the animal testing of cosmetics and products manufactured and/or marketed within the European Economic Community.ATLA19, 302–307.
25.
FRAME/CRAE (1987). The Use of Non-Human Primates as Laboratory Animals in Great Britain, 16 pp. Nottingham: FRAME.
26.
UngarK. (1992). The INVITTOX data bank on in vitro techniques in toxicology.Human and Experimental Toxicology11, 151–154.
27.
HampsonJ., SoutheeJ., HowellD., and BallsM. (1990). An RSPCA/FRAME survey on the use of non-human primates as laboratory animals in Great Britain, 1984–1988.ATLA17, 335–400.
28.
ClothierR.H., AtkinsonK.A., GarleM.J., WardR.K., and WillshawA. (1995). The development and evaluation of in vitro tests by the FRAME Alternatives Laboratory.ATLA23, 75–90.
29.
Anon. (1991). Animals and alternatives in toxicology: present status and future prospects: the second report of the FRAME Toxicity Committee.ATLA19, 116–138.
30.
BallsM., BridgesJ., and SoutheeJ. eds (1991). Animals and Alternatives in Toxicology: Present Status and Future Prospects, 390 pp. London: Macmillan Press & New York: VCH Publishers.
31.
BallsM., FentemJ., and JointE. (1992). Animal Experiments, 16 pp. Cambridge: Hobsons Publishing.
32.
FentemJ., BallsM., and RobinsonP. (1993). Developing Alternatives to Animal Experimentation, 20 pp. Cambridge: Hobsons Publishing.
33.
Anon. (1993). Focus on FRAME: Animal Experimentation, 4 pp. Nottingham: FRAME.
34.
Anon. (1994). Focus on FRAME: Alternatives to Animal Testing, 4 pp. Nottingham: FRAME.
35.
Anon. (1994). ECVAM News & Views.ATLA22, 7–11.
36.
Anon. (1993). Council Directive 93/95/EEC of 14 June 1993 amending for the sixth time Directive 76/768/EEC on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to cosmetic products.Official Journal of the European CommunitiesL151, 32–36.
