A Perspective on Tests Predicting Chemical Mutagens/Carcinogens in Man

Purchase I.F.H. , and Anderson D. The mutagenicity of food. In “The Toxic Hazard of Foodstuffs” (ed. Conning D.M. , Landsdown A.B.G. ). Croom Helm London (in press).

Purchase I.F.H. , Longstaff E. , Ashby J. , Styles J.A. , Anderson D. , Lefevre P.A. , and Westwood F.R. Evaluation of six short-term tests for detecting organic chemical carcinogens and recommendations for their use. Nature, London 264, 624 (1976). and British Journal of Cancer 37, 873 (1978).

McCann J. , Spingarn N.E. , Kobori J. , and Ames B.N. The detection of carcinogens as mutagens: bacterial tester strains with R factor plasmids. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 72, 979 (1975).

McCann J. , Choi E. , Yamasaki E. , and Ames B.N. Detection of carcinogens as mutagens in the Salmonella/microsome test. I. Assay of 300 chemicals. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 72, 5135 (1975).

Sugimura T. , Kawachi T. , Matsushima T. , Nagao M. , Sato S. , and Yahagi T. A critical review of sub-mammalian systems for mutagen detection. In “Progress In Genetic Toxicology” (ed. Scott D. , Bridges B.A. , Sobels F.H. ), pp. 125–140. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Health and Safety at Work Act, Chapter 31. Health, Safety and Welfare in Connection with Work and Control of Dangerous Substances and Certain Emissions into the Atmosphere. HMSO London (1974).

Sixth Amendment to Directive 67/548/EEC on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions relating to the classification, packaging and labelling of dangerous substances, Annex VII. Official Journal of the European Communities, September 1979.

Health and Safety Commission, Consultative Document. Notification of New Substances. Draft Regulations and Approved Codes of Practice. HMSO London (1981).

Department of Health Education and Welfare, Food and Drug Administration. Non-Clinical Laboratory Studies - Good Laboratory Practice Regulations. Federal Register 43, 59986 (1978).

Department of Health and Social Security, Guidelines for the testing of chemicals for mutagenicity. Report on Health and Social Subjects Committee on Mutagenicity of Chemicals in Food. Consumer Products and the Environment. HMSO London (1981).

Carter C.O. The relative contribution of mutant genes and chromosome abnormalities to genetic ill health. In “Progress In Genetic Toxicology” (ed. Scott D. , Bridges B.A. , Sobels F.H. ), pp. 1–14. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Purchase I.F.H. Appraisal of the merits and shortcomings of tests of mutagenic potential. In “Mechanisms of Toxicity and Hazard Evaluation” (ed. Holmstedt B. , Lauwerys R. , Mercier M. , Roberfroid M. ), pp. 105–119. Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1980).

Higginson J. Present trends in cancer epidemiology. In “Canadian Cancer Conference” (ed. Morgon J.F. ), p. 40. Pergamon Press Oxford (1969).

Higginson J. , & Muir C.S. “Epidemiology In Cancer Medicine” (ed. Holland J.F. , Frei E. ), Vol. 3, p. 241. Lea and Febiger Philadelphia (1973).

Boyland E. Correlation of experimental carcinogenesis and cancer in man. Progress in Experimental Tumor Research 11, 222 (1969).

Cairns J. The cancer problem. Scientific American 233, 64 (1975).

Clayson D.B. “Chemical Carcinogenesis”. Churchill London (1962).

Hueper W.C. , and Conway W.D. “Chemical Carcinogenesis and Cancers”. Charles C. Thomas Springfield (1964).

Dinman B.D. “The Nature of Occupational Cancer”. Charles C. Thomas Springfield (1974).

Weisburger J.H. , and Williams G.M. Metabolism of chemical carcinogens. In “Cancer. 1. Etiology; Chemical and Physical Carcinogenesis” (ed. Becker F.F. ), p. 185. Plenum Press New York (1975).

Maltoni C. , Lefemine G. , Chieco P. , and Carreti D. La cancerogenesi ambientale professionale; nuove prospettive alla luce della cancerogenesi da cloruro di vinile. Riv. Gli. Ospedali Vita 1, 7 (1974).

Green R. , and Hathway D.E. The biological fate in rats of vinyl chloride in relation to its oncogenicity. Chemical and Biological Interactions 11, 545 (1975).

Bartsch H. , Malaveille C. , and Montesano R. Human, rat and mouse liver-mediated mutagenicity of vinyl chloride in S. typhimurium strains. International Journal of Cancer 15, 429 (1975).

Purchase I.F.H. , Richardson C.H. , Anderson D. , Paddle G.M. , and Adams W.G.F. Chromosomal analyses in vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Mutation Research 57, 325 (1978).

Anderson D. , Hodge M.C.E. , and Purchase I.F.H. Vinyl chloride: dominant lethal studies in male CD-1 mice. Mutation Research 40, 359 (1976).

Swann P.F. , and Magee P.N. Nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis. The alkylation of nucleic acids of the rat by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea, dimethylnitrosamine, dimethyl sulphate and methyl methanesulphonate. Biochemical Journal 110, 39 (1968).

Propping P. , Röhrborn G. , and Buselmaier W. Comparative investigation on the chemical induction of point mutations and dominant lethal mutations in mice. Molecular and General Genetics 117, 197 (1972).

Fahrig R. Development of host-mediated mutagenicity tests. I. Differential response of yeast cells injected into testes of rats and peritoneum of mice and rats to mutagens. Mutation Research 26, 29 (1974).

Fahrig R. Development of host-mediated mutagenicity tests - yeast system. II. Recovery of yeast cells out of testes, liver, lung and peritoneum of rats. Mutation Research 31, 391 (1975).

Jones A.R. The metabolism of biological alkylating agents. Drug Metabolism Reviews 2, 71 (1973).

Sega G.A. , Cumming R.B. , and Walton M.F. Dosimetry studies on the ethylation of mouse sperm DNA after in vivo exposure to [³H] ethyl methanesulphonate. Mutation Research 24, 317 (1974).

Generoso W.M. , Russel W.L. , Huff S.W. , Stout S.K. , and Gosslee D.E. Effects of dose on the induction of dominant lethal mutations and heritable translocations with ethyl methanesulphonate in male mice. Genetics, USA 77, 741 (1974).

Matter B.E. Problems of testing drugs for potential mutagenicity. Mutation Research 38, 243 (1976).

Anderson D. , Richardson C.R. , and Davies P.J. The genotoxic potential of bases and nucleosides. Mutation Research 91, 265 (1981).

Ashby J. , and Styles J.A. Does carcinogenic potency correlate with mutagenic potency in the Ames Assay? Nature, London 271, 452 (1978).

Ashby J. , and Styles J.A. Factors influencing mutagenic potency in vitro. Nature, London 274, 19 (1978).

Ames B.N. , Lee F.D. , and Durston W.E. An improved bacterial test system for the detection and classification of mutagens and carcinogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 70, 782 (1983).

Ames B.N. , Durston W.E. , Yamasaki E. , and Lee F.D. Carcinogens are mutagens: a simple test system combining liver homogenates for activation and bacteria for detection. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 70, 2281 (1973).

Ames B.N. , McCann J. , and Yamasaki E. Methods for detecting carcinogens and mutagens with the Salmonella/mammalian microsome mutagenicity test. Mutation Research 31, 347 (1975).

Skopek T.R. , Liber J.L. , Krowleski J.J. , and Thilly W.G. Quantitative forward mutation assay in Salmonella typhimurium using 8–azaguanine resistance as a genetic marker. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 75, 410 (1978).

Pueyo C. A forward mutation assay using a 1-arabinose-sensitive strain. American Environmental Mutagen Society San Francisco (1978).

Green M.H.L. , and Muriel W.J. Mutagen testing using tryp reversion in Escherichia coli. Mutation Research 38, 3 (1976).

Mohn G. , Ellenberger J. , and McGregor D.B. Development of mutagenicity tests using Escherichia coli K-12 as an indicator organism. Mutation Research 23, 187 (1974).

Daedler H. , Gullon A. , Fiethen L. , and Starlinger P. Negative control of the galactose operon in Escherichia coli. Molecular and General Genetics 102, 79 (1968).

Mohn G. 5-Methyl-tryptophan resistance mutations in Escherichia coli K-12. Mutagenic activity of monofunctional alkylating agents including organophosphorus insecticides. Mutation Research 20, 7 (1973).

Wild D. Chemical induction of streptomycin-resistant mutations in Escherichia coli. Dose and mutagenic effects of dichlorvos and methylmethanesulphonate. Mutation Research 19, 33 (1973).

Moreau P. , Bailone A. , and Devoret R. Prophage induction in Escherichia coli K-12enVAuvrB: a highly sensitive test for potential carcinogens. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 73, 3700 (1976).

Speck W.T. , Santella R.M. , and Rozenkrantz H.S. An evaluation of the prophage induction (inductest) for the detection of potential carcinogens. Mutation Research 54, 101 (1978).

Ho Y.L. , and Ho S.K. Screening of carcinogens with the prophage yclts 857 induction test. Cancer Research 41, 532 (1981).

Hubbard S.A. , Green M.H.L. , Bridges B.A. , Wain A.J. , and Bridges J.W. Fluctuation test with S-9 and hepatocyte activation. In “Progress In Mutation Research. Evaluation of Short-term Tests for Carcinogenesis” (ed. de Serres F.J. , & Ashby J. ), Vol. 1, pp. 361–371. Elsevier/North Holland Amsterdam (1981).

Green M.H.L. , Muriel W.J. , and Bridges B.A. Use of a simplified fluctuation test to detect low levels of mutagens. Mutation Research 38, 33 (1976).

Mortimer R.K. , and Manney T.R. Mutation induction in yeast. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 1, pp. 209–237. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Zimmerman F.K. Detection of genetically active chemicals using various yeast systems. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 3, pp. 209–237. Plenum Press New York (1973).

Zimmerman F.K. Procedures used in the induction of mitotic recombination and mutation in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation Research 31, 71 (1975).

Loprieno N. , Barale R. , Bauer S. , Baroncelli S. , Bronzetti G. , Cammellini A. , Cinci A. , Corsi G. , Leporini C. , Nieri R. , Mozzolini M. , and Serra C. The use of different test systems with yeasts for the evaluation of chemically-induced gene conversions and gene mutations. Mutation Research 25, 197 (1974).

Parry J.M. The use of yeast cultures for the detection of environmental mutagens using a fluctuation test. Mutation Research 46, 165 (1977).

Ong T.M. , & de Serres F.J. Mutagenicity of chemical carcinogens in Neurospora crassa. Cancer Research 32, 1890 (1972).

Ong T.M. Use of the spot, plate and suspension test systems for the detection of the mutagenicity of environmental agents and chemical carcinogens in Neurospora crassa. Mutation Research (in press).

De Serres F.J. , and Mailing H.V. Measurement of recessive lethal damage over the entire genome and at two specific loci in the Ad-3 region of a two-component heterokaryon of Neurospora crassa. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, pp. 311–341. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Roper J.A. Aspergillus. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, pp. 343–365. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Vogel E. , and Sobels F.H. The function of Drosophila in genetic toxicology testing. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 4, pp. 93–132. Plenum Press New York (1976).

Abrahamson S. , and Lewis E.B. The detection of mutations in Drosophila. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, pp. 461–489. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Auerbach C. The role of Drosophila in mutagen testing. In “Topics in Toxicology. Mutagenesis In Sub-mammalian Systems. Status and Significance” (ed. Paget G. ), pp. 13–20. MTP Press Ltd. Lancaster (1977).

Baker B.S. , Boyd J.B. , Carpenter A.T.C. , Green M.M. , Nguyen T.D. , Tipoll P. , and Smith P.D. Genetic controls of meiotic recombination and somatic DNA metabolism in Drosophila melanogaster. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 73, 4140 (1976).

Mollet P. , & Würgler F.E. Detection of somatic recombination and mutation in Drosophila. A method for testing genetic activity of chemical compounds. Mutation Research 25, 421 (1974).

Mollet P. , and Weilenmann W. Characteristics of a new mutagenicity test: induction of somatic recombination in Drosophila by different chemicals. Mutation Research 38, 131 (1976).

Vogel E. Identification of carcinogens by mutagen testing in Drosophila: the relative reliability for the kinds of genetic damage measured. In “Origins of Human Cancer” (ed. Hiatt H.H. , Watson J.D. , Winsten J.A. ), Vol. C, pp. 1483–1497. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory New York (1977).

Neill J.P. , Brimer P.A. , Machanoff R. , Hirsch G.P. , and Hsie A.W. A quantitative assay of mutation induction at the HGPRT locus in Chinese hamster ovary cells: development and definition of the system. Mutation Research 45, 91 (1977).

Huberman E. , and Sachs L. Cell-mediated mutagenesis of mammalian cells with chemical carcinogens. International Journal of Cancer 13, 326 (1974).

Krahn D.F. , and Heidelberger C. Liver homogenate-mediated mutagenesis in Chinese hamster V79 cells by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aflatoxins. Mutation Research 46, 27 (1977).

Chu E.H.Y. , Brimer P. , Jacobson K.B. , and Merriam E.V. Mammalian cell genetics. I. Selection and characterization of mutations auxotrophic for 1-glutamine or resistance to 8-azaguanine in Chinese hamster cells in vitro. Genetics, New York 62, 359 (1976).

Fox M. , Boyle J.M. , and Fox B.W. Biological and biochemical characteristics of purine analogue-resistant clones of V79 Chinese hamster cells. Mutation Research 25, 219 (1976).

Nikaido O. , and Fox M. The relative effectiveness of 6-thioguanine and 8-azaguanine in selecting resistant mutants from two V79 Chinese hamster clones in vitro. Mutation Research 35, 279 (1976).

Arlett C.F. Mutagenicity testing with V79 Chinese hamster cells. In “Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), pp. 175–191. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Duncan R.E. , and Brooks P. Enzyme activities in extracts of 8-azaguanine resistant mutants of cultured Chinese hamster cells induced by the carcinogen 7-bromomethyl benz[a]anthracene. Mutation Research 26, 37 (1974).

Gillin R.D. , Roufa D.J. , Beudet A.L. , and Caskey C.T. 8-Azaguanine resistance in mammalian cells. 1-Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase. Genetics, USA 72, 239 (1972).

Dean B.J. , and Senner K.R. Detection of chemically-induced mutation in Chinese hamsters. Mutation Research 46, 403 (1977).

Jacobs L. , & de Mars R. Chemical mutagenesis with diploid human fibroblasts. In “Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), pp. 193–220. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Thilly W.G. , de Luca J.G. , Hoppe I.V.H. , and Penmann B.W. Mutation of human lymphoblasts by methyl nitrosourea. Chemical-Biological Interactions 15, 33 (1976).

De Mars R. Resistance of cultured human fibroblasts and other cells to purine and pyrimidine analogues in relation to mutagenesis detection. Mutation Research 24, 335 (1974).

Clive D.W. , Flamm W.G. , Machesko M.R. , and Bernheim N.H. Mutational assay system using the thymidine kinase locus in mouse lymphoma cells. Mutation Research 16, 77 (1972).

Clive D.W. Recent developments with the L5178Y TK heterozygote mutagen assay system. Environmental Health Perspectives 6, 119 (1973).

Clive D.W. , and Spector J.F.S. Laboratory procedure for assessing specific locus mutations at the TK locus in cultured L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Mutation Research 31, 17 (1975).

Anderson D. , and Fox M. The induction of thymidine and IUdR resistant variants in P388 mouse lymphoma cells. Mutation Research 25, 89 (1974).

Fox M. , and Anderson D. Induced thymidine and 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine resistant clones of mouse lymphoma cells. Mutation Research 25, 89 (1974).

Anderson D. The selection and induction of 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine and thymidine variants of P388 mouse lymphoma cells with agents which are used for selection. Mutation Research 33, 399 (1975).

Cole J. , and Arlett C.F. Ethyl methanesulphonate mutagenesis with L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. A comparison of ouabain, thioguanine and excess thymidine resistance. Mutation Research 34, 507 (1976).

Knapp A.G.A.C. , & Simons J.W.I.M. A mutational assay system for L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells using hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase deficiency as a marker. The occurrence of a long expression time for mutations induced by X-rays and EMS. Mutation Research 30, 97 (1975).

Nakamura J. , Suzuki N. , and Okada S. Mutagenicity of furylfuramide a food preservative. Testing by using alanine-requiring mouse L5178Y cells in vitro and in vivo. Mutation Research 46, 355 (1977).

Cole J. , Arlett C.F. , and Green M.H.L. The fluctuation test as a more sensitive system for determining induced mutation in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Mutation Research 41, 377 (1976).

Fischer G.A. , Lee S.Y. , and Calabresi P. Detection of chemical mutagens using a host-mediated assay L5178Y mutagenesis system. Mutation Research 26, 501 (1974).

Fahrig R. The mammalian spot test: a sensitive in vivo method for detecting genetic alterations in somatic cells of mice. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. , & de Serres F. ), Vol. 5, p. 55. Plenum Press New York (1978).

Russel W.L. Specific locus mutations in mice. Cold Spring Harbor Quarterly Biological 16, 237 (1951).

Russel L.B. In vivo somatic mutation in the mouse. Genetics 92, S153 (1979).

Searle A.G. The specific locus test in the mouse. Mutation Research 31, 277 (1975).

Neel J.V. Some trends in the study of spontaneous and induced mutation in man. Genetics 92, S25 (1979).

Kohn H.I. H-gene (histoeompatability) mutations induced in tri-ethylenemelamine in the mouse. Mutation Research 20, 253 (1973).

Matsushima T. , Sawamura M. , Hara K. , and Sugimura T. A safe substitute for polychlorinated biphenyls as an inducer of metabolic systems. In “In Vitro Metabolic Activation In Mutagenesis Testing” (ed. de Serres F.J. , Fout J.R. , Bend J.R. , Philpot R.M. ), p. 85. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1976).

Tang T. , and Friedman M.A. Carcinogen activation by human liver enzymes in the Ames mutagenicity test. Mutation Research 46, 387 (1977).

Hutton J.J. , and Hackney C. Metabolism of cigarette smoke condensates by human and rat homogenates to form mutagens detectable by Salmonella typhimurium TA1538. Cancer Research 35, 2461 (1980).

Nagao M. , Yahagi T. , and Sugimura T. Differences in effects of norharman with various classes of chemical mutagens and amounts of S-9. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 83, 373 (1978).

Huberman E. Mammalian cell transformation and cell-mediated mutagenesis by carcinogenic polycyclic hydrocarbons. Mutation Research 29, 285 (1975).

Legator M.S. , and Mailing H.V. The host-mediated assay, a practical procedure for evaluating potential mutagenic agents in mammals. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, pp. 569–589. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Fahrig R. Host-mediated mutagenicity tests - yeast systems. Recovery of yeast cells out of testes, liver, lung and peritoneum of rats. In “Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), pp. 135–149. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Durston N. , and Ames B.N. A simple method for detection of mutagens in urine - studies with the carcinogen 2-acetylaminofluorene. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 71, 737 (1974).

Commoner B. , Vithayathal A.J. , and Henry J.I. Detection of metabolic carcinogen intermediates in urine of carcinogen-fed rats by means of bacterial mutagenesis. Nature, London 249, 850 (1974).

Siebert D. Induction of mitotic conversions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by lymph fluid and urine of cyclophosphamide-treated rats and human patients. Mutation Research 21, 202 (1973).

Legator M.S. , Zimmering S. , and Connor T.H. The use of indirect systems to detect mutagenic activity in human subjects and experimental animals. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 4, p. 174. Plenum Press New York (1976).

Legator M.S. , Pullin T.G. , and Connor T.H. The isolation and detection of mutagenic substances in body fluid and tissue of animals and body fluid of human subjects. In “Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), p. 149. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Bruce W.R. , Varghese A.J. , Furrer R. , and Land P.C. A mutagen in the faeces of normal humans. In “Origins of Human Cancer” (ed. Hiatt H.H. , Watson J.D. , Winsten J.A. ), Vol. 3, pp. 1641–1646. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory New York (1977).

Anderson D. , and Richardson C.R. Issues relevant to the assessment of chromosome damage in vivo. Mutation Research 90, 261 (1981).

Evans H.J. Cytological methods for detecting chemical mutagens. In “Chemical Mutagens, Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 4, p. 1. Plenum Press New York (1976).

Buckton K.E. , and Evans H.J. Methods for the Analysis of Human Chromosome Aberrations. World Health Organisation Geneva (1973).

Parry J.M. The detection of chromosome non-disjunction in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In “Progress In Genetic Toxicology” (ed. Scott D. , Bridges B.A. , Sobels F.H. ), pp. 233–229. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Parry J.M. , and Zimmerman F.K. The detection of monosomic colonies produced by mitotic chromosome non-disjunction in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mutation Research 36, 49 (1976).

Bignani M. , Morpugo G. , Pagliani R. , Carere A. , Conte G. , & di Guiseppe G. Non-disjunction and crossing-over induced by pharmaceutical drugs in Aspergillus nidulans. Mutation Research 26, 159 (1974).

Bond D.J. A system for the study of meiotic non-disjunction using Sordaria bervicollis. Mutation Research 39, 213 (1976).

Kihlman B.A. Root tips for studying the effects of chemicals on chromosomes. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, p. 365. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Marimuthu K.M. , Sparrow A.H. , and Schairer L.A. The cytological effects of space flight factors, clinostat and radiation on root tip cells of Tradescantia. Radiaton Research 42, 105 (1970).

Ehrenberg L. Higher plants. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, pp. 365–368. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Nilan R.A. , and Vig B.K. Plant test systems for detection of chemical mutagens. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 4, pp. 143–170. Plenum Press New York (1976).

Würgler F.E. , Sobels F.H. , and Vogel E. Drosophila as an assay system for detecting genetic changes. In “Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), pp. 335–373. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Smith R.J. , & von Borstel R.C. Inducing mutation with chemicals in Habrobracon. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, pp. 445–460. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Von Borstel R.C. , and Smith R.H. Measuring dominant lethality in Habrobracon. In “Handbook of Mutagenicity Testing Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), pp. 375–410. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Tazima Y. , and Onimaku K. Results of mutagenicity testing for some nitrofuran derivatives in a sensitive test system for silkworm oocytes. Japanese EMS 2nd Annual Meeting Abstract 14 and Mutation Research 26, 440 (1974).

Evans H.J. , & O'Riordan M.L. Human peripheral blood lymphocytes for the analysis of chromosome aberrations in mutagen tests. Mutation Research 31, 135 (1975).

Perry P. , and Evans H.J. Cytological detection of mutagen-carcinogen exposure by sister chromatid exchange. Nature, London 258, 121 (1975).

Stetka E.G. , and Wolff S. Sister chromatid exchange as an assay for genetic damage induced by mutagens-carcinogens; in vivo test for compounds requiring metabolic activation. Mutation Research 41, 333 (1976).

Anderson D. , Richardson C.F. , Purchase I.F.H. , Weight T.M. , and Adams W.G.F. Chromosomal analyses in vinyl chloride-exposed workers. Mutation Research 70, 151 (1980).

Anderson D. Identification of genotoxins in the industrial work environment. In “Progress In Mutation Research” (ed. Bora K.C. ), Vol. 3, pp. 201–225. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1982).

Harnden D.G. Chromosome abnormalities and predisposition towards cancer. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 69, 41 (1976).

German J. (ed.), “Chromosomes and Cancer”. John Wiley New York (1974).

Legator M.S. , and Rinkus S.J. Chemical mutagenesis and industrial monitoring. In “Genetic Damage In Man Caused by Environmental Agents” (ed. Berg K. ), pp. 343–362. Academic Press New York (1979).

Nute P.E. , Wood N.E. , Stammatoyannopoulos G. , Olivery C. , and Failkaw P.J. The Kenya form of hereditary persistance of foetal haemoglobin: structural studies and evidence for homogenous distribution of haemoglobin F using fluorescent anti-haemoglobin F antibodies. British Journal of Haematology 32, 55 (1976).

Popp R.A. , Hrisch G.P. , and Bradshaw B.S. Amino acid substitution: its use in detection and analysis of genetic variants. Genetics 92, S39 (1979).

Wyrobek A.J. , and Bruce W.R. Chemical induction of sperm abnormalities in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 72, 4425 (1975).

Topham J. The detection of carcinogen-induced sperm head abnormalities in mice. Mutation Research 69, 149 (1980).

Topham J. Chemical-induced transmissible abnormalities in sperm head shape. Mutation Research 70, 109 (1980).

Kapp R.W. , Picciano D.J. , and Jacobson C.B. Y-chromosomal nondisjunction in dibromochloropropane-exposed workmen. Mutation Research 64, 47 (1979).

Lilly L.J. , Bahner B. , and Magee P.N. Chromosome aberrations induced in rat lymphocytes by N-nitroso compounds as a possible basis for carcinogen screening. Nature, London 258, 611 (1975).

Legator M.S. , Palmer K.A. , and Adler I.A. A collaborative study in in vivo cytogenetic analysis. I. Interpretation of slide preparations. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 24, 337 (1973).

Cohen M.M. , and Hirschhorn K. Cytogenetic studies in animals. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 2, p. 515. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Nichols W.W. , Moorhead P. , and Brewen G. Chromosome methodologies in mutation testing. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 24, 337 (1973).

Schmid W. , Arakaki D.T. , Breslau N.A. , and Culbertson J.C. Chemical mutagenesis. The Chinese hamster bone marrow as an in vivo test system. Humangenetik 11, 103 (1971).

Schmid W. Chemical mutagen testing on in vivo somatic cells. Agents and Actions 3, 77 (1973).

Tijo J.W. , and Whang J. Chromosome preparations of bone marrow cells without prior in vitro culture or in vivo colchicine administrations. Stain Technology 37, 17 (1962).

Heddle J.A. A rapid in vivo test for chromosomal damage. Mutation Research 18, 187 (1973).

Maier P. , and Schmid W. Ten model mutagens evaluated. Mutation Research 40, 325 (1976).

Schmid W. The micrbnucleus test for cytogenetic analyses. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection”, (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 4, pp. 31–53. Plenum Press New York (1976).

Salamone M. , Heddle J. , Stuart E. , and Katz M. Towards an improved micronucleus test. Studies on 3 model agents mitomycin C, cyclophosphamide and dimethylbenzanthracene. Mutation Research 74, 347 (1980).

Bateman A.J. , and Epstein S.S. Dominant lethal mutations in mammals. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection”, Vol. 2, p. 541. Plenum Press New York (1971).

Bateman A.J. The dominant lethal assay in the mouse. In “Hand-book of Mutagenicity Test Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), pp. 325–355. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Green S. , and Springer J.A. The dominant lethal test. Potential limitations and statistical considerations for safety evaluation. Environmental Health Perspectives 6, 37 (1973).

Epstein S.S. , & Röhrborn G. Recommended procedures for testing genetic hazard from chemicals based on the induction of dominant lethal mutations in mammals. Nature, London 230, 264 (1970).

Green S. , Moreland F.M. , and Flamm W.E. A new approach to dominant lethal testing. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 39, 549 (1977).

Knudsen I. , Hansen E.V. , Meyer O.A. , and Poulson E.A. Proposed method for the simultaneous detection of germ cell mutations leading to foetal death/dominant lethality and malformations (male teratogenicity) in mammals. Mutation Research 48, 267 (1977).

Ehling U.E. Dominant mutations affecting the skeleton in offspring of X-irradiated male mice. Genetics 54, 1381 (1966).

Generoso W.M. , Cain K.T. , Huff S.W. , and Gosslee D.G. Heritable translocation test in mice. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 5, p. 55. Plenum Press New York (1977).

Generoso W.M. , Bishop J.B. , Gosslee D.G. , Newell G.W. , Sheu C.J. , & von Halle E. Heritable translocation test in mice. Mutation Research 76, 191 (1980).

Cachiero N.L.A. , Russel L.B. , and Swarthout M.S. Translocation, the predominant cause of total sterility in sons of mice treated with mutagens. Genetics, New York 76, 73 (1974).

Leonard A. Tests for heritable translocation in male mammals. Mutation Research 31, 291 (1975).

Leonard A. Observations on meiotic chromosomes of the male mouse as a test of the potential mutagenicity of chemicals. In “Chemical Mutagens. Principles and Methods for their Detection” (ed. Hollaender A. ), Vol. 3, p. 21. Plenum Press New York (1977).

Brewen J.G. , Payne H.S. , Jones K.P. , and Preston R.J. Studies on chemically-induced dominant lethality. I. The cytogenetic basis of MMS-induced dominant lethality in post-meiotic male germ cells. Mutation Research 33, 239 (1975).

Cleaver J.E. Methods Tor studying repair of DNA damaged by physical and chemical carcinogens. In “Methods in Cancer Research” (ed. Busch H. ), Vol. 9, pp. 123–165. Academic Press New York (1975).

Cleaver J.E. Methods for studying excision repair of DNA damaged by physical and chemical mutagens. In “Handbook of Mutagenicity Test Procedures” (ed. Kilbey B.J. , Legator M. , Nichols W. , Ramel C. ), pp. 19–47. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1977).

Radman R. Phenomenology of an inducible mutagenic DNA repair pathway in Escherichia coli. SOS repair hypothesis. In “Molecular and Environmental Aspects of Mutagenesis (ed. Prakash L. , Sherman F. , Miller M.W. , Lawrence C.W. , Taber H. ), pp. 128–142. Charles C. Thomas Springfield (1975).

Witkin E.M. Ultraviolet mutagenesis and inducible DNA repair in Escherichia coli. Bacteriology Reviews 40, 869 (1976).

Ichinotsubo D. , Mower H.F. , Setliff J. , and Mandel M. The use of REC bacteria for testing carcinogenic substances. Mutation Research 46, 53 (1977).

Tanooka J. Development and applications of Bacillus subtilis test system for mutagens involving DNA repair deficiency and suppressible auxotrophic mutants. Mutation Research 48, 367 (1977).

Stich H.F. , San R.H.C. , Lam P. , Koropatnick J. , Lo L. Unscheduled DNA synthesis of human cells as a short-term assay for chemical carcinogens. In “Origins of Human Cancer” (ed. Hiatt H.H. , Watson J.D. , Winsten J.A. ), Vol. C, pp. 1499–1512. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory New York (1977).

Anderson D. Sub-mammalian tests other than the Ames test for detecting mutagenesis. In “Topics in Toxicology. Mutagenesis In Sub-mammalian Systems. Status and Significance” (ed. Paget G. ), pp. 95–134. MTP Press Limited Lancaster (1979).

Poirier L.A. , & de Serres F.J. Initial National Cancer Institute studies on mutagenesis as a prescreen for chemical carcinogens: an appraisal. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 62, 919 (1979).

Dunkel V. Collaborative studies on the Salmonella/microsome mutagenicity assay. Journal of Assays and Analytical Chemistry 62, 874 (1979).

De Serres F.J. , and Ashby J. (eds.). Evaluation of short-term tests for carcinogenesis. Report of the International Collaborative Programme. Elsevier Biomedical Press Amsterdam (1981).

Purchase I.F.H. Validation of tests for carcinogenicity. In “Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Carcinogen Screening Tests” (ed. Montesano R. , Bartsch H. , Tomatis L. ), no. 27, pp. 343–353. IARC Publications Lyon (1980).

Auerbach C. The effects of six years of mutagen testing on our attitude to the problem posed by it. Mutation Research 33, 3 (1975).

Sankaranarayaran K. Evaluation and re-evaluation of genetic radiation hazards in man. Mutation Research 35, 341 (1976).

Sobels F.H. Some thoughts on the evaluation of environmental mutagens. From the address presented to the 7th Annual EMS Meeting in Atlanta, Georgia. (1976).

Abrahamson S. , Bender M.A. , Conger A.D. , and Wolff S. Uniformity of radiation-induced mutation rates among different species. Nature, London 245, 460 (1973).

Bridges B.A. Some general principles of mutagenicity screening and a possible framework for testing procedures. Environmental Health Perspectives 6, 221 (1973).

Bridges B.A. The three-tier approach to mutagenicity screening and the concept of radiation equivalent dose. Mutation Research 26, 335 (1974).

Bridges B.A. The mutagenicity of captan and related fungicides. Mutation Research 32, 3 (1975).

Bridges B.A. An estimate of genetic risk from 8-methoxypsoralen photochemotherapy. Human Genetics 49, 91 (1979).

Bridges B.A. An approach to the assessment of the risk to man from DNA-damaging agents. Quantitative aspects of risk assessment in chemical carcinogenesis. Archives of Toxicology, Supplement 3, 217 (1980).

Bridges B.A. Perspective of the radiation equivalent concept for chemical mutagens. Radiological Equivalents of Chemical Pollutants, pp. 83–85. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (1980).

Crow J. Impact of various types of genetic damage and risk assessment. Environmental Health Perspectives 6, 1 (1973).

Committee 17 Report. Environmental mutagenic hazards: mutagenicity screening is now feasible and necessary for chemicals entering the environment. Science New York 187, 503 (1975).

Ehling U.H. Evaluation of genetic hazards in man from radiation and chemical mutagens. Radiobiological Equivalents of Chemical Pollutants, pp. 71–83. International Atomic Energy Agency Vienna (1980).