The Lush Prize supports animal-free testing by rewarding the most effective projects and individuals who have been working toward the goal of replacing animals in product or ingredient safety testing. A Background Paper is prepared each year, prior to the judging process, to provide the panel with a brief overview of current developments in the field of Replacement alternatives, particularly those relevant to the concept of toxicity pathways. This Background Paper includes information on recent work by the relevant scientific institutions and projects in this area, including AXLR8, OECD, CAAT, The Hamner Institutes, the Human Toxome Project, EURL ECVAM, ICCVAM, the US Tox21 Programme, the ToxCast programme, and the Human Toxicology Project Consortium. Recent developments in toxicity pathway research are also assessed by reviewing the relevant literature, with a view to presenting the two papers receiving the highest score to the judges for consideration.
MarchanR., van ThrielC. & BoltH.M. (2013). Recent developments in in vitro toxicology: Perspectives of European research and Tox21. Archives of Toxicology87, 2043–2046.
3.
AXLR8 Consortium (2013). The AXLR8 Project: Final Report & Recommendations, 19pp. Berlin, Germany: AXLR8 Administration, Freie Universität Berlin, Institute of Pharmacy. Available at: http://www.axlr8.eu/assets/axlr8-final-report.pdf (Accessed 10.09.15).
US National Research Council (2007). Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century: A Vision and a Strategy, 216pp. Washington, DC, USA: National Academies Press.
10.
LouisseJ., BarilariM., ChaudhariU., Antonydas GasparJ., HengstlerJ., SachinidisA. & HoffmannBremerS. (2014). Doxorubicin irreversibly inhibits the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway in human cardiomyocytes. Abstract, EU SEURAT-1 Project Meeting 2014 (Barcelona, Spain, February 2014).
11.
Hornos CarneiroM.F., MoraisC., SmallD.M., VeseyD.A., BarbosaF.Jr, & GobeG.C. (2014). Thimerosal induces apoptotic and fibrotic changes to kidney epithelial cells in vitro. Environmental Toxicology [E-pub ahead of print, doi:10.1002/tox.22012].
12.
ChuL., WangT., HuY., GuY., SuZ. & JiangH. (2013). Activation of Egr-1 in human lung epithelial cells exposed to silica through MAPKs signaling pathways. PLoS One8, e68943.
13.
ShaoJ., KatikaM.R., SchmeitsP.C., HendriksenP.J., van LoverenH., PeijnenburgA.A. & VolgerO.L. (2013). Toxicogenomics-based identification of mechanisms for direct immunotoxicity. Toxicological Sciences135, 328–346.
14.
PrasadR.Y., ChastainP.D., Nikolaishvili-FeinbergN., SmeesterL., KaufmannW.K. & FryR.C. (2013). Titanium dioxide nanoparticles activate the ATMChk2 DNA damage response in human dermal fibroblasts. Nanotoxicology7, 1111–1119.
15.
FritscheE. (2013). Human neural progenitor cell (hNPC) aging is mimicked by 3D cultures in vitro: An “Adverse Outcome Pathway” gains importance at susceptible life stages. Abstract, European Society for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EUSAAT) Meeting 2013 (Linz, Austria, September 2013).
16.
MeganathanK., JagtapS., Perumal SrinivasanS., ShindevV., WaghV., HeschelerJ. & SachinidisA. (2013). Human embryonic stem cells differentiation reveals toxicity signatures for HDAC inhibitors and mercuric toxicants. Abstract, European Society for Alternatives to Animal Testing (EUSAAT) Meeting 2013 (Linz, Austria, September 2013).
17.
KohonenP., GrafströmR., MyattG. & HardyB. (2014). ToxBank integrated analysis of SEURAT-1 reference compounds. Abstract, EU SEURAT-1 Project Meeting 2014 (Barcelona, Spain, February 2014).
