Thirty years ago, the United States took steps to enhance the psychological well-being of primates in laboratories, including the introduction of social housing requirements. Now, in an apparent response to questions about the effectiveness of these measures, federal authorities are completely shutting down public access to information on the implementation of social housing
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
CarboneL. (2004). What Animals Want: Expertise and Advocacy in Laboratory Animal Welfare Policy, 304pp. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
US Department of Agriculture (1991). Final Rules: Animal Welfare; Title 9, CFR (Code of Federal Register) Part 3. Standards. Federal Register 55 (No. 32), 6426–6505. Available at: https://awic.nal.usda.gov/final-rules-animal-welfare-9-cfr-part-3 (Accessed 31.05.15).
4.
National Research Council (2011). Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals: Eighth Edition, 248pp. Washington, DC, USA: The National Academies Press.
5.
BakerK.C., BloomsmithM.A., OettingerB., NeuK., GriffisC., SchoofV. & MaloneyM. (2012). Benefits of pair housing are consistent across a diverse population of rhesus macaques. Applied Animal Behaviour Science137, 148–156.
ShivelyC.A., ClarksonT.B. & KaplanJ.R. (1989). Social deprivation and coronary artery atherosclerosis in female cynomolgus monkeys. Atherosclerosis77, 69–76.
8.
BellancaR.U. & CrockettC.M. (2002). Factors predicting increased incidence of abnormal behavior in male pigtailed macaques. American Journal of Primatology58, 57–69.
9.
BrentL., LeeD.R. & EichbergJ.W. (1989). The effects of single caging on chimpanzee behavior. Laboratory Animal Science39, 345–346.
NashL.T., FritzJ., AlfordP.A. & BrentL. (1999). Variables influencing the origins of diverse abnormal behaviors in a large sample of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). American Journal of Primatology48, 15–29.
12.
CoelhoA.M., CareyK.D., & ShadeR.E. (1991). Assessing the effects of social environment on blood pressure and heart rates of baboons. American Journal of Primatology23, 257–267.
13.
KesselA. & BrentL. (2001). The rehabilitation of captive baboons. Journal of Medical Primatology30, 71–80.
14.
DettmerE. & FragaszyD. (2000). Determining the value of social companionship to captive tufted capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science3, 293–304.
15.
LillyA.A., MehlmanP.T. & HigleyJ.D. (1999). Traitlike immunological and hematological measures in female rhesus across varied environmental conditions. American Journal of Primatology48, 197–223.
16.
DoyleL.A., BakerK.C. & CoxL.D. (2008). Physiological and behavioral effects of social introduction on adult male rhesus macaques. American Journal of Primatology70, 542–550.
17.
BalcombeJ., FerdowsianH. & DurhamD. (2011). Self-harm in laboratory-housed primates: Where is the evidence that the Animal Welfare Act amendment has worked?Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science14, 361–370.
18.
BakerK.C., WeedJ.L., CrockettC.M. & BloomsmithM.A. (2007). Survey of environmental enhancement programs for laboratory primates. American Journal of Primatology69, 377–394.
19.
ThomJ.P. & CrockettC.M. (2008). Managing environmental enhancement plans for individual research projects at a national primate research center. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science47, 51.
20.
DiVincentiL.Jr, & WyattJ.D. (2011). Pair housing of macaques in research facilities: A science-based review of benefits and risks. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science50, 856.