Over the last two decades, emphasis has been on new method validation, acceptance criteria and international harmonisation, and in recent years, several scientifically validated alternative test methods have been accepted. The objectives of this workshop were to review the various training programmes related to reduction, refinement and replacement (the Three Rs) and validated alternative methods, the obstacles to such training and ways to overcome them. In general, training in the Three Rs should be a continuous exercise. Whenever the regulators accept an alternative test method, specific training should be offered in order to overcome the reluctance to change and to expedite the implementation of the new test method. It is essential that funds be made available for this purpose, e.g. via regulatory agencies and international organisations.
