ECVAM initiated its workshop programme in 1994, to enable it to become well informed about the state of the art of non-animal test development and validation, and about the possible incorporation of alternatives into regulatory requirements for safety testing. Fifty-one such workshops had been held on specific topics, up to 2002. In these workshops, the current status of in vitro tests and their potential uses were reviewed and recommendations were made as to the best ways forward to progress and enhance the use of in vitro methods. Reports for 46 of these workshops have been published in ATLA. Most of the workshops focused on in vitro replacement methods, although an increasing number have dealt with reduction and refinement. The recommendations in the ECVAM workshops have been progressed further by: a) the formation of ECVAM task forces; b) the organisation of further workshops; c) the activities of scientific committees; d) the provision of earmarked research funding; and e) the conduct of validation studies. Examples of each of these activities are discussed. Some individual workshops are covered in more detail, and several recommendations that have so far not been acted on are also considered. The workshops and their reports have had a substantial effect on the development and implementation of alternative methods, and have been a major factor in contributing to the success of the first nine years of ECVAM's existence. It is strongly recommended that ECVAM continues to organise workshops and to publish their findings, and suggestions are made for topics for future workshops.
BlaauboerB.J., BoobisA.R., CastellJ.V., CoeckeS., GroothuisG.M.M., GuillouzoM.A., HallT.J., HawksworthG.M., LorenzonG., MiltenburgerH. G., RogiersV., SkettP., VillaP., & WiebelF.J. (1994). The practical applicability of hepatocyte cultures in routine testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 1. ATLA22, 231–241.
2.
SpielmannH., LovellW.W., HölzleE., JohnsonB.E., MaurerT., MirandaM.A., PapeW.J.W., SaporaO., & SladowskiD. (1994). In vitro phototoxicity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 2. ATLA22, 314–348.
3.
AtterwillC.K., BruininkA., DrejerJ., DuarteE., AbdullaE.M., MeredithC., NicoteraP., ReganC., Rodríguez-FarréE., SimpsonM.G., SmithR., VeronesiB., VijverbergH., WalumE., & WilliamsD.C. (1994). In vitro neurotoxicity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 3. ATLA22, 350–362.
4.
HendriksenC.F.M., GarthoffB., AggerbeckH., BrucknerL., CastleP., CusslerK., DobbelaerR., van de DonkH., van der GunJ., LefrancoisS., MilstienJ., MinorP.D., MougeotH., RombautB., RonnebergerH.D., SpieserJ-M., StolpR., StraughanD.W., TollisM., & ZigtermansC. (1994). Alternatives to animal testing in the quality control of immunobiologicals: current status and future prospects. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 4. ATLA22, 420–434.
5.
BallsM., BlaauboerB.J., FentemJ.H., BrunerL., CombesR.D., EkwallB., FielderR.J., GuillouzoA., LewisR.W., LovellD.P., ReinhardtC.A., RepettoG., SladowskiD., SpielmannH., & ZuccoF. (1995). Practical aspects of the validation of toxicity test procedures. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 5. ATLA23, 129–147.
6.
BothamP.A., ChamberlainM., BarrattM.D., CurrenR.D., EsdaileD.J., GardnerJ.R., GordonV.C., HildebrandB., LewisR.W., LiebschM., LogemannP., OsborneR., PonecM., RégnierJ-F., SteilingW., WalkerA.P., & BallsM. (1995). A prevalidation study on in vitro skin corrosivity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 6. ATLA23, 219–255.
7.
BallsM., De KlerckW., BakerF., van BeekM., BouillonC., BrunerL., CarstensenJ., ChamberlainM., CottinM., CurrenR., DupuisJ., FairweatherF., FaureU., FentemJ., FisherC., GalliC., KemperF., KnaapA., LangleyG., LoprienoG., LoprienoN., PaperW., PechovitchG., SpielmannH., UngarK., WhiteI., & ZuangV. (1995). Development and validation of non-animal tests and testing strategies: the identification of a coordinated response to the challenge and the opportunity presented by the Sixth Amendment to the Cosmetics Directive (76/768/EEC). The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 7. ATLA23, 398–409.
8.
BarrattM.D., CastellJ.V., ChamberlainM., CombesR.D., DeardenJ.C., FentemJ.H., GernerI., GiulianiA., GrayT.J.B., LivingstonD.J., ProvanW.M., RuttenF.A.J.J.L., VerhaarH.J.M., & ZbindenP. (1995). The integrated use of alternative approaches for predicting toxic hazard. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 8. ATLA23, 410–429.
9.
GarthoffB., HendriksenC., BayalA., GoncalvesD., GrauerA., de LeeuwR., van NoordwijkJ., ParesM., PirovanoR., RiethM., RonnebergerH., SpieserJ-M., StorringP., VosbeckK., & WeichertH. (1995). Safety and efficacy testing of hormones and related products. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 9. ATLA23, 699–712.
10.
HawksworthG.M., BachP.H., NagelkerkeJ.F., DekantW., DieziJ.E., HarpurE., LockE.A., MacDonaldC., MorinJ-P., PfallerW., RuttenA. A.J.J.L., RyanM.P., ToutainH.J., & TrevisanA. (1995). Nephrotoxicity testing in vitro. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 10. ATLA23, 713–727.
11.
BallsM., GoldbergA.M., FentemJ.H., BroadheadC.L., BurchR.L., FestingM.F.W., FrazierJ.M., HendriksenC.F.M., JenningsM., van der KampM.D.O., MortonD.B., RowanA.N., RussellC., RussellW.M.S., SpielmannH., StephensM.L., StokesW.S., StraughanD.W., YagerJ.D., ZurloJ., & van ZutphenB.F.M. (1995). The Three Rs: the way forward. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 11. ATLA23, 838–866.
12.
BrownN.A., SpielmannH., BechterR., FlintO.P., FreemanS.J., JelínekR.J., KochE., NauH., NewallD.R., PalmerA.K., RenaultJ-Y., RepettoM.F., VogelR., & WigerR. (1995). Screening chemicals for reproductive toxicity: the current alternatives. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 12. ATLA23, 868–882.
13.
HowesD., GuyR., HadgraftJ., HeylingsJ., HoeckU., KemperF., MaibachH., MartyJ-P., MerkH., ParraJ., RekkasD., RondelliI., SchaeferH., TäuberU., & VerbieseN. (1996). Methods for assessing percutaneous absorption. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 13. ATLA24, 81–106.
14.
GribaldoL., BuerenJ., DeldarA., HoklandP., MeredithC., MonetaD., MosessoP., ParchmentR., Parent-MassinD., PessinaA., San RomanJ., & Schoeters, (1996). The use of in vitro systems for evaluating haematotoxicity. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 14. ATLA24, 211–231.
15.
BlaauboerB.J., BaylissM.K., CastellJ.V., EveloC.T.A., FrazierJ.M., GroenK., GüldenM., GuillouzoA., HissinkA.M., HoustonJ.B., JohansonG., de JonghJ., KedderisG.L., ReinhardtC.A., van de SandtJ.J.M., & SeminoG. (1996). The use of biokinetics and in vitro methods in toxicological risk evaluation. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 15. ATLA24, 473–497.
16.
SeibertH., BallsM., FentemJ.H., BianchiV., ClothierR.H., DierickzP.J., EkwallB., GarleM.J., Gómez-LechónM.J., GribaldoL., GüldenM., LiebschM., RasmussenE., RoguetR., ShrivastavaR., & WalumE. (1996). Acute toxicity testing in vitro and the classification and labelling of chemicals. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 16. ATLA24, 499–510.
17.
SvendsenO., GarthoffB., SpielmannH., Hensten-PettersenA., JensenJ.C., KuijpersM.R., Leim-gruberR., LiebschM., Müller-LierheimW.G.K., RydhögG., SauerU.G., SchmalzG., SimB., & SteaS. (1996). Alternatives to the animal testing of medical devices. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 17. ATLA24, 659–669.
18.
LambréC.R., AufderheideM., BoltonR.E., FubiniB., HaagsmanH.P., HextP.M., JorissenM., LandryY., MorinJ-P., NemeryB., NettesheimP., PauluhnJ., RichardsR.J., VickersA.E.M., & WuR. (1996). In vitro tests for respiratory toxicity. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 18. ATLA24, 671–681.
19.
de SilvaO., BasketterD.A., BarrattM.D., CorsiniE., CroninM.T.D., DasP.K., DegwertJ., EnkA., GarrigueJ.L., HauserC., KimberI., LepoittevinJ-P., PeguetJ., & PonecM. (1996). Alternative methods for skin sensitisation testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 19. ATLA24, 683–705.
20.
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21.
SchadeR., StaakC., HendriksenC., ErhardM., HuglH., KochG., LarssonA., PollmannW., van RegenmortelM., RijkeE., SpielmannH., SteinbuschH., & StraughanD. (1996). The production of avian (egg yolk) antibodies: IgY. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 21. ATLA24, 925–934.
22.
LeahyD.E., DuncanR., AhrH.J., BaylissM.K., de BoerA.G., DarvasF., FentemJ.H., FryJ.R., HopkinsR., HoustonJ.B., KarlssonJ.B., KedderisG.L., PrattenM.K., PrietoP., SmithD.A., & StraughanD.W. (1997). Pharmacokinetics in early drug research. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 22. ATLA25, 17–31.
23.
MarxU., EmbletonM.J., FischerR., GruberF.P., HanssonU., HeuerJ., de LeeuwW.A., LogtenbergT., MerzW., PortetelleD., RometteJ-L., & StraughanD.W. (1997). Monoclonal antibody production. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 23. ATLA25, 121–137.
24.
DeardenJ.C., BarrattM.D., BenigniR., BristolD.W., CombesR.D., CroninM.T.D., JudsonP.N., PayneM.P., RichardA.M., TichyM., WorthA.P., & YourickJ.J. (1997). The development and validation of expert systems for predicting toxicity. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 24. ATLA25, 223–252.
25.
JanuschA., van der KampM.D.O., BottrillK., GruneB., AndersonD.C., EkwallB., HowaldM., KolarR., KuiperH.J.D., LarsonJ., LoprienoG., SauerU.G., SmithA.J., & van der ValkJ.B.F. (1997). Current status and future developments of databases on alternative methods. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 25. ATLA25, 411–422.
26.
WiebelF.J., AnderssonT.B., CascianoD.A., DickinsM., FischerV., GlattH., HorbachJ., LangenbachR.J., LuytenW., TurchiG., & VandewalleA. (1997). Genetically engineered cell lines: characterisation and applications in toxicity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 26. ATLA25, 625–639.
27.
ToddM., GarthoffB., BernhardtW., BodéG., FarrS., LumleyC., PietersM., RogiersV., SauerU., SpielmannH., StrausJ., & WarngardL. (1998). Issues relating to the release of proprietary information and data for use in the validation of alternative methods. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 27. ATLA26, 13–20.
28.
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29.
FestingM.F.W., BaumansV., CombesR.D., HalderM., HendriksenC.F.M., HowardB.R., LovellD.P., MooreG.J., OverendP., & WilsonM.S. (1998). Reducing the use of laboratory animals in biomedical research: problems and possible solutions. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 29. ATLA26, 283–301.
30.
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31.
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32.
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33.
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34.
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35.
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36.
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37.
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38.
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39.
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