OECD (2001). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 414: Prenatal Developmental Toxicity Study, 6 pp. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
2.
OECD (1983). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 415: One-generation Reproduction Toxicity Study, 8 pp. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
3.
OECD (2001). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 416: Two-generation Reproduction Toxicity Study, 8 pp. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
4.
OECD (1995). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 421: Reproduction/Development Toxicity Screening Test, 10 pp. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
5.
OECD (1996). OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, No. 422: Combines Repeated Dose Toxicity Study with the Reproduction/Developmental Toxicity Screening Test, 14 pp. Paris, France: Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development.
6.
CombesR.D. (2000). Endocrine disruptors — a critical review of in vitro and in vivo testing strategies for assessing their toxic hazard to humans. ATLA28, 81–118.
7.
BakerV. (2001). Endocrine disruptors — testing strategies to assess human hazard. Toxicology in Vitro15, 413–419.
8.
BrownN.A., SpielmannH., BechterR., FlintO.P., FreemanS.J., JelinekR.J., KochE., NauH., NewallD.R., PalmerA.K., RenaultM.F., RepettoM.F., VogelR., & WigerR. (1995). Screening chemicals for reproductive toxicity: the current alternatives. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 12. ATLA23, 868–882.
9.
SpielmannH. (1998). Reproduction and development. Environmental Health Perspectives106, Suppl. 2, 571–576.
10.
GenschowG., SpielmannH., ScholzG., SeilerA., BrownN., PiersmaA.H., BradyM., ClemannN., HuuskonenH., PaillardF., BremerS., & BeckerK. (2002). The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro embryotoxicity tests: results of the definitive phase and evaluation of prediction models. ATLA30, 151–176.
11.
BrownN.A. (2002). Selection of test chemicals for the ECVAM international validation study on in vitro embryotoxicity tests. ATLA30, 177–198.
12.
ECVAM (2002). Statement on the scientific validity of the embryonic stem cell test (EST) — an in vitro tests for embryotoxicity. ATLA30, 265–268.
13.
ECVAM (2002). Statement on the scientific validity of the postimplantation rat whole-embryo culture assay — an in vitro test for embryotoxicity. ATLA30, 271–273.
14.
ECVAM (2002). Statement on the scientific validity of the micromass test — an in vitro test for embryotoxicity. ATLA30, 268–270.
15.
AudusK.L. (1999). Controlling drug delivery across the placenta. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences8, 161–165.
16.
HardyK., WrightC.S., FranksS., & WinstonR.M. (2000). In vitro maturation of oocytes. British Medical Bulletin56, 588–602.
17.
NakatsujiN., & ChumaS. (2001). Differentiation of mouse primordial germ cells into female or male germ cells. International Journal of Developmental Biology45, 541–548.
18.
KlemmM., GenschowE., PohlI., BarrabasC., LiebschM., & SpielmannH. (2001). Permanent embryonic mouse germ cell-lines, an in vitro alternative to in vivo germ cell mutagenicity tests. ALTEX18, 127–130.
19.
ShamblottM.J., AxelmanJ., LittlefieldJ.W., BlumenthalP.D., HugginsG.R., CuiY., ChengL., & GearhartJ.D. (2001). Human embryonic germ cell derivatives express a broad range of develop-mentally distinct markers and proliferate extensively in vitro.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA98, 113–118.
20.
AllenbyG., FosterP.M., & SharpeR.M. (1991). Evaluation of changes in the secretion of immunoactive inhibin by adult rat seminiferous tubules in vitro as an indicator of early toxicant action on sper-matogenesis. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology16, 710–724.
21.
CuzinF., & RassoulzadeganM. (1998). Cell culture systems for the analysis of the male germinal differentiation. In Reproductive Toxicology, In Vitro Germ Cell Developmental Toxicology: From Science to Social and Industrial Demand (ed. MazoD.), pp. 41–49. New York, NY: USA. Plenum Press.
22.
De FeliciM. (1998). In vitro culture systems for germ cells from mouse embryo: primordial germ cells and oocytes. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology444, 41–47.
23.
De FeliciM., Di CarloA., DolciS., & PesceM. (1998). Experimental in vitro approaches to the study of mouse primordial germ cell development. In Testicular Function: from Gene Expression to Genetic Manipulation (ed. StefaniniM., BoitaniC., GaldieriM., GeremiaR., & PalombiF.), pp. 23–39. Berlin, Germany: Springer.
24.
VetterC.M., MillerJ.E., CrawfordL.M., ArmstrongM.J., ClairJ.H., ConnerM.W., WiseL.D., & SkopekT.R. (1998). Comparison of motility and membrane integrity to assess rat sperm viability. Reproductive Toxicology12, 105–114.
25.
SlottV.L., SuarezJ.D., PossP.M., LinderR.E., StraderL.F., & PerreaultS.D. (1993). Optimization of the Hamilton-Thorn computerized sperm motility analysis system for use with rat spermatozoa in toxicological studies. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology21, 298–307.
26.
HinschE., PonceA.A., HageleW., HedrichF., Muller-SchlosserF., SchillW.B., & HinschK.D. (1997). A new combined in vitro test model for the identification of substances affecting essential sperm functions. Human Reproduction12, 2580.
27.
BrunH.P., LeonardJ.F., MoronvalleV., CaillaudJ.M., MelcionC., & CordierA. (1991). Pig Leydig cell culture: a useful in vitro test for evaluating the testicular toxicity of compounds. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology108, 307–320.
28.
FielderR.J., AtterwillC.K., AndersonD., BoobisA.R., BothamP., ChamberlainM., CombesR., DuffyP., LewisR.W., LumleyC.E., KimberI., & NewallD.R. (1997). BTS working party report on in vitro toxicology. Human and Experimental Toxicology16, S1–S40.
29.
CookeB.A., ChoiM.C., DiramiG., & Lopez-RuizM. (1992). Control of steroidogenesis in Leydig cells. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology43, 445–449.
30.
CookeB.A. (1998). In vitro models for the investigation of reproductive toxicology in the testis. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology444, 95–102.
31.
JaneckiA., JakubowiakA., & SteinbergerA. (1992). Effect of cadmium chloride on transepithelial electrical resistance of Sertoli cell monolayers in two-compartment cultures: a new model for toxicological investigations of the “blood–testis” barrier in vitro.Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology112, 51–57.
32.
Kumi-DiakaJ., NguyenV., & ButlerA. (1999). Cytotoxic potential of the phytochemical genistein isoflavone (4′,5′,7-trihydroxyisoflavone) and certain environmental chemical compounds on testicular cells. Biology of the Cell91, 515–523.
33.
ChenY.J., Lin-ChaoS., HuangT.S., YanM.L., & LuF.J. (2001). Humic acid induced growth retardation in a Sertoli cell line, TM4. Life Sciences69, 1269–1284.
34.
HarrisonC.A., FarnworthP.G., ChanK.L., StantonP.G., OoiG.T., FindlayJ.K., & RobertsonD.M. (2001). Identification of specific inhibin A-binding proteins on mouse Leydig (TM3) and Sertoli (TM4) cell lines. Endocrinology142, 1393–1402.