BallsM., & FentemJ.H. (1999). The validation and acceptance of alternatives to animal testing. Toxicology in Vitro13, 837–846.
2.
RussellW.M.S., & BurchR.L. (1959). The Principles of Humane Experimental Technique, 238 pp. London, UK: Methuen.
3.
ArcherG., BallsM., BrunerL.H., CurrenR.D., FentemJ.H., HolzhütterH-G., LiebschM., LovellD.P., & SoutheeJ.A. (1997). The validation of toxicological prediction models. ATLA25, 505–516.
4.
BrunerL.H., CarrG.J., ChamberlainM., & CurrenR.D. (1996). Validation of alternative methods for toxicity testing. Toxicology in Vitro10, 479–501.
5.
BrunerL., CarrG., ChamberlainM., & CurrenR. (1996). No prediction model — no validation study. ATLA24, 211–217.
6.
ArcherG. (1996). No statistics, no science — let alone validation studies. ATLA24, 453–456.
7.
HolzhütterH-G., & SpielmannH. (1996). The use of prediction models in toxicology: what should they predict?ATLA24, 881–884.
8.
WorthA.P., & BallsM. (2001). The importance of the prediction model in the development and validation of alternative tests. ATLA29, 135–143.
9.
BallsM., BlaauboerB., BrusickD., FrazierJ., LambD., PembertonM., ReinhardtC., Rober-froidM., RosenkranzH., SchmidB., SpielmannH., StammatiA-L., & WalumE. (1990). Report and recommendations of the CAAT/ERGATT workshop on the validation of toxicity test procedures. ATLA18, 313–337.
10.
BallsM., BlaauboerB.J., FentemJ.H., BrunerL., CombesR.D., EkwallB., FielderR.J., GuillouzoA., LewisR.W., LovellD.P., ReinhardtC.A., RepettoG., SladowskiD., SpielmannH., & ZuccoF. (1995). Practical aspects of the validation of toxicity test procedures. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 5. ATLA23, 129–147.
11.
FentemJ.H., & BallsM. (1997). The ECVAM approach to validation. In Developments in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Volume 27, Animal Alternatives, Welfare and Ethics. Proceedings of the 2nd World Congress on Alternatives and Animal Use in the Life Sciences, Utrecht, The Netherlands, 20–24 October 1996 (ed. van ZutphenL.F.M., & BallsM.), pp. 1083–1089. Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Elsevier.
12.
WorthA.P., & BallsM. (2001). The role of ECVAM in promoting the regulatory acceptance of alternative methods in the European Union. ATLA29, 525–535.
13.
CurrenR.D., SoutheeJ.A., SpielmannH., LiebschM., FentemJ.H., & BallsM. (1995). The role of prevalidation in the development, validation and acceptance of alternative methods. ATLA23, 211–217.
14.
BallsM. (1997). Defined structural and performance criteria would facilitate the validation and acceptance of alternative test procedures. ATLA25, 483–484.
15.
LiebschM., TraueD., BarrabasC., SpielmannH., UphillP., WilkinsS., McPhersonJ.P., WiemannC., Kaufmann, RemmeleM., & HolzhütterH-G. (2000). The ECVAM prevalidation study on the use of EpiDerm for skin corrosivity testing. ATLA28, 371–401.
16.
FentemJ.H., ArcherG.E.B., BallsM., BothamP.A., CurrenR.D., EarlL.K., EsdaileD.J., HolzhütterH.G., & LiebschM. (1998). The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for skin corrosivity. II. Results and evaluation by the management team. Toxicology in Vitro12, 483–524.
17.
BallsM., & KarcherW. (1995). The validation of alternative test methods. ATLA23, 884–886.
18.
BallsM., & FentemJ.H. (1997). Progress toward the validation of alternative tests. ATLA25, 33–43.
19.
NIH (1997). Validation and Regulatory Acceptance of Toxicological Test Methods. A Report of the Ad Hoc Interagency Coordinating Committee on the Validation of Alternative Methods. NIH Publication 97–3981, 105 pp. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: NIEHS.
20.
NIH (1999). Evaluation of the Validation Status of Toxicological Methods: General Guidelines for Submissions to ICCVAM (Revised, October 1999). NIH Publication 99–4496, 44 pp. Research Triangle Park, NC, USA: NIEHS.
21.
OECD (1996). Final Report of the OECD Workshop on Harmonization of Validation and Acceptance Criteria for Alternative Toxicological Test Methods, 60 pp. Paris, France: OECD.
22.
Cooper-HannanR., HarbellJ.W., CoeckeS., BallsM., BoweG., CervinkaM., ClothierR., HermannF., KlahmL.K., de LangeJ., LiebschM., & VanparysP. (1999). The principles of Good Laboratory Practice: application to in vitro toxicology studies. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 37. ATLA27, 539–577.
23.
HolzhütterH-G., ArcherG., DamiN., LovellD.P., SaltelliA., & SjöströmM. (1996). Recommendations for the application of biostatistical methods during the development and validation of alternative toxicological methods. ECVAM biostatistics task force report 1. ATLA24, 511–530.
24.
SpielmannH., LiebschM., KalweitS., MoldenhauerF., WirnsbergerT., HolzhütterH-G., SchneiderB., GlaserS., GernerI., PapeW.J.W., KreilingR., KrauserK., MiltenburgerH.G., SteilingW., LuepkeN.P., MullerN., KreuzerH., MurmannP., SpenglerJ., Bertram-NeisE., SiegemundB., & WiebelF.J. (1996). Results of a validation study in Germany on two in vitro alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test, the HET-CAM test and the 3T3-NRU cytotoxicity test. ATLA24, 741–858.
25.
GenschowE., ScholzG., BrownN.A., PiersmaA.H., BradyM., ClemannN., HuuskonenH., PaillardF., BremerS., & SpielmannH. (2000). Development of prediction models for three in vitro embryotoxicity tests in an ECVAM validation study. In Vitro and Molecular Toxicology13, 51–65.
26.
WorthA.P., & CroninM.T.D. (2001). Prediction models for eye irritation potential based on endpoints of the HET-CAM and neutral red assays. In Vitro and Molecular Toxicology14, 143–156.
27.
BallsM., BothamP.A., BrunerL.H., & SpielmannH. (1995). The EC/HO international validation study on alternatives to the Draize eye irritation test. Toxicology in Vitro9, 871–929.
28.
BothamP.A., ChamberlainM., BarrattM.D., CurrenR.D., EsdaileD.J., GardnerJ.R., GordonV.C., HildebrandB., LewisR.W., LiebschM., LogemannP., OsborneR., PonecM., RégnierJ.F., SteilingW., WalkerA.P., & BallsM. (1995). A prevalidation study on in vitro skin corrosivity testing. The report and recommendations of ECVAM workshop 6. ATLA23, 219–255.
29.
FentemJ. H., BriggsD., ChesnéC., ElliottG. R., HarbellJ. W., HeylingsJ. R., PortesP., RoguetR., van de SandtJ. J. M., & BothamP. A. (2001). A prevalidation study on in vitro tests for acute skin irritation: results and evaluation by the Management Team. Toxicology in Vitro15, 57–93.
30.
SpielmannH., BallsM., DupuisJ., PapeW.J., PechovitchG., de SilvaO., HolzhütterH.G., ClothierR., DesolleP., GerberickF., LiebschM., LovellW.W., MaurerT., PfannenbeckerU., PotthastJ.M., CsatoM., SladowskiD., SteilingW., & BrantomP. (1998). The International EU/ COLIPA In Vitro Phototoxicity Validation Study: Results of Phase II (Blind Trial). Part 1: The 3T3 NRU Phototoxicity Test. Toxicology In Vitro12, 305–327.
31.
BarrattM.D., BrantomP.G., FentemJ.H., GernerI., WalkerA.P., & WorthA.P. (1998). The ECVAM international validation study on in vitro tests for skin corrosivity. 1. Selection and distribution of the test chemicals. Toxicology in Vitro12, 471–482.
32.
ECVAM (1998). Statement on the scientific validity of the EPISKIN™ test (an in vitro test for skin corrosivity). ATLA26, 277–280.
33.
ECVAM (1998). Statement on the scientific validity of the rat skin transcutaneous electrical resistance (TER) test (an in vitro test for skin corrosivity). ATLA26, 275–277.
34.
ECVAM (2001). Statement on the application of the EPIDERM® human skin model for skin corrosivity testing. ATLA28, 365–367.