Volunteer Studies Replacing Animal Experiments in Brain Research

HMSO (1986). Animals (Scientific Procedures) Act 1986. London, UK: HMSO.

EEC (1986). Council Directive 86/609/EEC of 24 November 1986 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States regarding the protection of animals used for experimental and other purposes. Official Journal of the European Communities L358, 1–29.

Close B. , Combes R. , Hubbard A. , & Illingworth J. eds (1997). Volunteers in Research and Testing, 198 pp. London, UK: Taylor & Francis.

Home Office (1999). Statistics of Scientific Procedures on Living Animals: Great Britain 1998, 108 pp. London, UK: The Stationery Office.

Wilson F.A. , & Rolls E.T. (1993). The effects of stimulus novelty and familiarity on neuronal activity in the amygdala of monkeys performing recognition memory tasks. Experimental Brain Research 93, 367–382.

Hackett T.A. , Stepniewska I. , & Kaas J.H. (1999). Prefontal connections of the parabelt auditory cortex in macaque monkeys. Brain Research 817, 45–58.

Nakagawa S. , Mizuma M. , & Kuchiiwa S. (1998). The retinal projections to the ventral and dorsal divisions of the medial terminal nucleus and mesencephalic reticular formation in the Japanese monkey (Macaca fuscata): a reinvestigation with cholera toxin B subunit as an anterograde tracer. Brain Research 809, 198–203.

Gerhardt G.A. , Cass W.A. , Huettl P. , Brock S. , Zhang Z. , & Gash D.M. (1999). GDNF improves dopamine function in the substantia nigra but not the putamen of unilateral MPTP-lesioned rhesus monkeys. Brain Research 817, 163–171.

Zahrt J. , Taylor J.R. , Mathew R.G. , & Arnsten A.F.T. (1997). Supranormal stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors in the rodent prefrontal cortex impairs spatial working memory performance. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 8528–8535.

Bergson C. , Mrzijak L. , Smiley J.F. , Pappy M. , Levenson R. , & Goldman-Rakic P.S. (1995). Regional, cellular, and subcellular variations in the distribution of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in primate brain. Journal of Neuroscience 15, 7821–7836.

Miller D.H. , & Frank J.A. (1998). Magnetic resonance imaging techniques to monitor short term evolution of multiple sclerosis and to use in preliminary trials. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 64, Suppl. 44–46.

Courtney S.M. , Petit L. , Maisog J.M. , Ungerleider L.G. , & Haxby J.V. (1998). An area specialized for spatial working memory in human frontal cortex. Science, New York 279, 1347–1351.

Walsh V. , & Cowey A. (1998). Magnetic stimulation studies of visual cognition. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 2, 103–109.

Koepp M.J. , Gunn R.N. , Lawrence A.D. , Cunningham V.J. , Dagher A. , Jones T. , Brooks D.J. , Bench C.J. , & Grasby P.M. (1998). Evidence for striatal dopamine release during a video game. Nature 393, 266–268.

Conturo T.E. , Lori N.F. , Cull T.S. , Akbudak E. , Snyder A.Z. , Shimony J.S. , McKinstry R.C. , Burton H. , & Raichle M.E. (1999). Tracking neuronal fiber pathways in the living human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 96, 10,422–10,427

Anderson S.J. , Holliday I.E. , Singh K.D. , & Harding G.F. (1996). Localization and functional analysis of human cortical area V5 using magneto-encephalography. Proceedings of the Royal Society London — B. Biological Sciences 263, 423–431.

Hamdy S. , Aziz Q. , Rothwell J.C. , Hobson A. , & Thompson D.G. (1998). Sensorimotor modulation of human cortical swallowing pathways. Journal of Physiology (London) 506, 857–866.

Paus T. , Jech R. , Thompson C.J. , Comeau R. , Peters T , & Evans A.C. (1997). Transcranial magnetic stimulation during positron emission tomography: a new method for studying connectivity of the human cerebral cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 17, 3178–3184.

Werhahn K.J. , Kunesch E. , Noachtar S. , Benecke R. , & Classen J. (1999). Differential effects on motorcortical inhibition induced by blockade of GABA uptake in humans. Journal of Physiology (London) 517, 591–597.

Fried I. , MacDonald K.A. , & Wilson C.L. (1997). Single neuron activity in human hippocampus and amygdala during recognition of faces and objects. Neuron 18, 753–765.

Clarke S. (1994). Modular organization of human extrastriate visual cortex: evidence from cytochrome oxidase pattern in normal and macular degeneration cases. European Journal of Neuroscience 6, 725–736.

Dai J. , Swaab D.F. , & Buijs R.M. (1998). Recovery of axonal transport in “dead neurons”. The Lancet 351, 499–500.

Motluk A. (1997). Twinning techniques to map the mind. New Scientist 2081, 26.

Hamdy S. , Rothwell J.C. , Aziz Q. , Singh K.D. , & Thompson D.G. (1998). Long-term reorganisation of human motor cortex driven by short-term sensory stimulation. Nature Neuroscience 1, 64–68.

DeKosky S.T. , & Scheff S.W. (1990). Synapse loss in frontal cortex biopsies in Alzheimer's disease: correlation with cognitive severity. Annals of Neurology 27, 457–464.

Laasonen-Balk T. , Kuikka J. , Viinamaki H. , Husso-Saastamoinen M. , Lehtonen J. , & Tiihonen J. (1999). Striatal dopamine transporter density in major depression. Psychopharmacology (Berlin) 144, 282–285.

Baumgartner C. , Olbrich A. , Lindinger G. , Pataraia E. , Groppel G. , Bacher J. , Aull S. , Serles W. , Hoffman M. , Leutmezer F. , Czech T. , Prayer D. , Pietrzyk U. , Asenbaum S. , & Podreka I. (1999). Regional cerebral blood flow during temporal lobe seizures associated with ictal vomiting: an ictal SPECT study in two patients. Epilepsia 40, 1085–1091.

Aquilonius S.M. (1991). What has PET told us about Parkinson's disease? Acta Neurologica Scandinavica, Supplement 136, 37–39.

Farde L. (1996). The advantage of using positron emission tomography in drug research. Trends in Neurosciences 19, 211–214.

Grasby P. (1998). Psychiatric illness: a PET subject. MRC News 77, 28–32.

Chipkin R.E. , Berger J.G. , Billard W. , Iorio L.C. , Chapman R. , & Barnett A. (1988). Pharmacology of SCH 34826, an orally active enkephalinase inhibitor analgesic. Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics 245, 829–838.

Christensen J.D. , Yurgelun-Todd D.A. , Babb S.M. , Gruber S.A. , Cohen B.M. , & Renshaw P.F. (1999). Measurement of human brain dexfenfluramine concentration by 19F magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Brain Research 834, 1–5.

Jones A.K. (1999). The contribution of functional imaging techniques to our understanding of rheumatic pain. Rheumatic Diseases Clinic of North America 25, 123–152.

Jones A.K.P. , Cunningham V.J. , Ha-Kawa S. , Fujiwara T. , Luthra S.K. , & Jones T. (1994). Changes in central opioid receptor binding in relation to inflammation and pain in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. British Journal of Rheumatology 33, 909–916.

Tofts P.S. (1998). Standardisation and optimisation of magnetic resonance techniques for multicentre studies. Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry 64, Suppl. 37–43.